The regulation of the pathways can be done by:
- allosteric small molecules (ATP, ADP, cAMP, NADH, NAD+)
- end products of the reaction
- calcium or magnesium
- hormones
Modulating hormones — Glucagon & Adrenaline
Glucagon or Adrenaline binds to the membrane of hepatocytes, which regulates (stimulates or inhibits) certain enzymes through the cAMP pathway (Figure 1).
While the kinases are inactivating the glycogen synthase, they activate the glycogen phosphorylase.
The generated glucose-1-p is transported via the bloodstream to the peripheral tissues, later it is used in glycolysis.