• Details and background of Cytogenetics and Cytogenetic changes are discussed in the Medical Genetics I course
  • Types of cytogenetic changes that can occur in cancer are aneuploidy and aneusomy. They are caused by random aberrations and/or occasional abnormality due to failure of cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair systems.
  • Notable mentions of translocations in certain leukaemias are listed below;
  1. In Chronic Myeloid Leukemia(CML), the ABL gene on chromosome 9 fuses with the BCR gene on chromosome 22 and this leads to a constitutively active tyrosine kinase. This new chromosome formed is also known as the Philadelphia Chromosome.
  2. In Burkitt Lymphoma, chromosome

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