Conjugation is a method of genetic exchange where DNA transfer from a donor to a recipient cell is mediated by physical contact. Conjugation is horizontal gene transfer.

Before we begin, it is important to state what the 'F factor' is. The F factor also called the fertility factor, is a plasmid(plasmids are discussed in the Bacterial Genetics: Introduction lesson) that is carried by the donor bacteria/donor cell. Cells that possess it are called f+ cells, those without are called f- cells. It is also important to note that genetic exchange by conjugation involves the plasmids, not the chromosomal DNA.

Steps of Conjugation

  1. The donor bacteria/donor cell makes the pilus that connects it with the recipient bacteria/cell.
  2. The F factor is cut at the origin of transfer by the relaxosome and

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