Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, and Metaplasia

Remember the factors that influence cellular response:

1. Glucose and glycogen levels.
2. Highly-metabolic cells are more sensitive to hypoxia.
3. Differentiating cells are more sensitive than fetal tissues.
4. Genomic DNA may help repair the damaged DNA.

During adaptation, we see changes in cell number, size, phenotype, metabolic activity or function alterations:

• Hyperplasia -- Increase in the number of cells
• Hypertrophy -- Increase in size and function
• Atrophy -- Decrease in size and function
• Metaplasia -- Change from one cell type to another

Adaptive responses can be both physiological and pathological, but excessive adaptation is of pathological origin.

During adaptation, we see changes in cell number, size, phenotype, metabolic activity or function alterations:

Hypertrophy:

Atrophy:

Metaplasia

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