ESRD
ESRD is defined as an irreversible decline in kidney function to a degree in which dialysis or renal transplantation are required to continue sustaining life.
- Clinically, GFR <15 (stage G5 of KDIGO)
- ESRD can arise as a progression of CKD or as a result of AKI.
- Changes seen are fluid and sodium retention (HTN), calcium and bone disorders, anemia, hyperkalemia, acid-base disorders, endocrine disorders.
- The only way to keep sustaining life is dialysis or renal transplantation.
Pre-dialytic stage
- Once GFR levels start declining (KDIGO G4+), we should start preparing the patient for