{"id":9991,"date":"2022-01-10T13:49:04","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T11:49:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/metabolism\/obesity\/"},"modified":"2022-01-11T23:01:52","modified_gmt":"2022-01-11T21:01:52","slug":"obesity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/metabolism\/obesity\/","title":{"rendered":"Obesity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">Obesity is an excessive accumulation of fat impairing physical and mental health. Defined as BMI value of over 30kg\/m^2.<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Epidemiology<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Obesity is becoming an epidemic in the Western world, where nearly 40% of the population is obese (US).<\/li><li>It is a direct contributor and a risk factor of many diseases, including CVD, liver and renal disease, diabetes, and cancer.<\/li><li>From the moment we become adults, on average, we gain more fat % as we age.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Diagnosis<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The besty way to measure fat is using special devices (DEXA scan, underwater testing, skinfold\/caliper testing, electrical impendence).<\/li><li>BMI is a calculation of the standartized height and weight, calculated by dividing weight by surface area (weight\/height^2).<ul><li>Underweight: &gt;18.5<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Normal: 18.5-25<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Overweight: 25-30<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Obese: &gt;30<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>There are many other calculations that are based on weight, but they are not accurate for everyone.<\/li><li>Other parameters include the weight-to-hip ratio, and abdomninal circumference.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Etiology<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obesity has a multifactorial etiology; both complex genetic and environmental causes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some diseases, however, have a specific, monogenic etiology:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Prader-Willi<\/li><li>Congenital leptin deficiency<\/li><li>MC4R mutation<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Environmental causes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Sedetary lifestyle and lack of exercise<\/li><li>Excessive caloric intake (usually involves pathologic eating patterns)<ul><li>Binge eating<\/li><li>Night-eating syndrome<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other, secondary causes of obesity:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Hypothyroidism<\/li><li>Cushing\u2019s syndrome<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Complications<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Metabolic syndrome<\/li><li>DM<\/li><li>Hypertension<\/li><li>Atherosclerosis<\/li><li>Cardiovascular disease<\/li><li>Renal disease<\/li><li>Fatty liver<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Energy homeostasis<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Orixogenic peptides<\/strong> (increase appetite)<ul><li>Ghrelin, NPY<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Anorexigenic peptides<\/strong> (decrease appetite)<ul><li>GLP-1, GIP, amylin, insulin, CCK, leptin<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Leptin is released in large quantities in obese individuals; however, they have reduced response to leptin (&#8220;leptin resistance&#8221;), so they keep eating in spite of being obese.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Treatment<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Lifestyle modification<\/strong><ul><li>Diet<\/li><li>Exercise<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Pharmacological<\/strong><ul><li>Drugs that reduce appetite (lorcaserin, bupropion\/naltrexone, GLP-1 agonist)<\/li><li>Drugs that inhibit food absorption (orlistat, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors)<\/li><li>Reduction of complications (statins, ezetimibe)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Surgical<\/strong><ul><li>Indications are &gt;40 BMI or &gt;35 with comorbidities<\/li><li>Gastric band, gastric sleeve, jujunoilleal bypass<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Epidemiology<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Diagnosis<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Etiology<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Complications<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Energy homeostasis<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Treatment<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Epidemiology Obesity is becoming an epidemic in the Western world, where nearly 40% of the population is obese (US). It is a direct contributor and a risk factor of many diseases, including CVD, liver and renal disease, diabetes, and cancer. From the moment we become adults, on average, we gain more fat % as we [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":9852,"menu_order":9,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9991","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Obesity &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/metabolism\/obesity\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/clinical\\\/internal-medicine\\\/metabolism\\\/obesity\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/clinical\\\/internal-medicine\\\/metabolism\\\/obesity\\\/\",\"name\":\"Obesity &#8211; 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