{"id":9634,"date":"2021-12-28T17:54:54","date_gmt":"2021-12-28T15:54:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/cardiology\/hypertension-definition-reasons-complication\/"},"modified":"2022-01-04T18:17:01","modified_gmt":"2022-01-04T16:17:01","slug":"hypertension-definition-reasons-complication","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/cardiology\/hypertension-definition-reasons-complication\/","title":{"rendered":"Hypertension (definition, reasons, complication)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Definition<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

An increase in blood pressure; can be systemic, or pulmonary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our point of interest in this article is systemic hypertension<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • Blood pressure above 140\/90mmHg<\/li>
  • Can be primary <\/strong>(essential<\/strong>) or secondary<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

    Primary hypertension<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

    Hypertension of an unknown source; risk factors include age, sex, race, smoking, obesity, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    • Most cases of HTN are primary.<\/li>
    • Sometimes referred to as essential hypertension <\/strong>— in the past, it was believed that an increase in blood pressure is an essential part of aging<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

      Secondary hypertension<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

      When the causes of hypertension are not intrinsic to the vessels, it is considered secondary. There are a variety of causes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      • Renal or renovascular disease
        • Renal artery stenosis (most common cause of secondary HTN)<\/li>
        • Nephritic syndrome<\/li>
        • CKD<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
        • Endocrine
          • Hyperaldosteronism<\/li><\/ul>
            • Cushing’s disease and syndrome<\/li>
            • Pheochromocytoma<\/li>
            • Acromegaly<\/li>
            • Thyrotoxicosis<\/li>
            • Hyperparathytroidism<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
            • Medications and drugs
              • Contraceptives and estrogen (most common cause of secondary HTN in your women)<\/li>
              • Decongestants<\/li>
              • TCAs<\/li>
              • NSAIDs<\/li>
              • Cocaine<\/li>
              • Methamphetamine<\/li>
              • Sudden cessation of beta-blockers or clondine<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
              • Eclampsia\/pre-eclampsia<\/li>
              • Coracation of the aorta<\/li>
              • Obstructive sleep apnea<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

                Classification<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
                • Normal<\/strong>: <<\/span>120\/80mmHg<\/li>
                • Prehypertension<\/strong>: >120\/80mmHg and <140\/90mmHg<\/li>
                • Stage I<\/strong>: >140\/90mmHg but <160\/100mmHg<\/li>
                • Stage II<\/strong>: ><\/span>160\/100mmHg<\/li>
                • Severe hypertension<\/strong>: ><\/span>180\/120mmHg (hypertensive urgency<\/strong>)<\/li>
                • Hypertensive emergency<\/strong>: Severe hypertension with organ manifestations (stroke, acute heart failure, aortic dissection)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

                  Diagnosis<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
                  • Measurement of blood-pressure<\/strong>
                    • The diagnosis of HTN is set based on at least 2 readings on the span of 4 weeks<\/strong><\/li>
                    • Make sure the patient is seated, calm, and hasn’t ingested caffeine\/smoked cigarettes in the last 30 min<\/li>
                    • Hypertension cannot be diagnosed based on a single reading<\/strong>
                      • Unless it’s >220\/125 with no end-organ damage\/life threatening with organ damage <\/li><\/ul><\/li>
                      • Unattended blood-pressure measurement (ABPM) has an advantage for hypersensitive individuals (“white-coat hypertension”)<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
                      • Other tests
                        • Urinalysis<\/li>
                        • Blood chemistry<\/li>
                        • Fasting glucose<\/li>
                        • Lipid panel<\/li>
                        • ECG <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

                          Complications<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

                          Hypertension affects all of the bodily systems:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          • Cardiovascular system.<\/strong> HTN induces atherosclerosis, directly contributing to CAD, as well as LVH, which lead to chronic heart failure.
                            • Other manifestations include peripheral artery disease, aortic aneurysm and dissection.<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
                            • Eyes and brain<\/strong>. Retinal damage, stroke, hypertensive encephalopathy.<\/li>
                            • Renal system.<\/strong> Malignant nephrosclerosis.<\/li>
                            • Hyperglycemia.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span>

                              Definition<\/h4>

                              Primary hypertension<\/h4>

                              Secondary hypertension<\/h4>

                              Classification<\/h4>

                              Diagnosis<\/h4>

                              Complications<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                              Definition An increase in blood pressure; can be systemic, or pulmonary. Our point of interest in this article is systemic hypertension. Blood pressure above 140\/90mmHg Can be primary (essential) or secondary Primary hypertension Hypertension of an unknown source; risk factors include age, sex, race, smoking, obesity, etc. Most cases of HTN are primary. Sometimes referred to as essential hypertension — […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":410,"menu_order":20,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9634","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nHypertension (definition, reasons, complication) – Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/cardiology\/hypertension-definition-reasons-complication\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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