{"id":9332,"date":"2021-12-19T00:25:23","date_gmt":"2021-12-18T22:25:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/immunology\/antiphospholipid-syndrome\/"},"modified":"2021-12-24T18:05:41","modified_gmt":"2021-12-24T16:05:41","slug":"antiphospholipid-syndrome","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/immunology\/antiphospholipid-syndrome\/","title":{"rendered":"Antiphospholipid syndrome"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent thrombosis due to the presence of antibodies directed against phospholipid-binding proteins, interfering with normal coagulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>APS can appear on its own (<strong>primary<\/strong>) or in association with another disease such as SLE (<strong>secondary<\/strong>).<\/li><li>The thrombosis may appear in the veins (more commonly) or arteries (most often affecting the CNS).<\/li><li><strong>Catastrophic APS<\/strong> is a medical emergency characterized by widespread thrombosis that can lead to multiorgan failure (rare; high mortality).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Clinical presentation<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>DVT<\/li><li>PE<\/li><li>Miscarriage and loss of pregnancy<\/li><li>CVA\/TIA<\/li><li>Livedo reticularis<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Pathogenesis<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Antiphospholipid antibodies bind to the phospholipid binding portions of clotting factors, and inhibiting them.<\/li><li>At the same time, they create a pro-coagulative state by activating the endothelium, platelets, and immune cells, leading to clotting.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Types of antibodies<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Lupus anticoagulant<\/strong><ul><li>Appears in some patients with SLE.<\/li><li>Prolongs APTT, and does not shorten in mixing studies.<\/li><li>More prone to clotting than other antibodies.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Anticardiolipin<\/strong><ul><li>Directed against cardiolipin phospholipid.<\/li><li>May produce a false-positive Wassermann test (for syphillis).<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I<\/strong><ul><li>Unknown mechanism, and unclear significance.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Diagnosis<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Clinical and labratory criteria<ul><li>Based on thrombosis and\/or reccurrent loss of prengnacy or miscarriage<\/li><li>Serology (positivity for APL antibodies)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>APTT is prolonged (because the autoantibodies interfere with coagulation factor assembly and activation) and does not shorten in mixing studies<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Treatment<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anticoagulants are used for prophylaxis and treatment of APS, maintaining INR around 2-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Aspirin (75-150mg\/day)<\/li><li>Heparin<\/li><li>Warfarin (not in pregnant)<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Clinical presentation<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pathogenesis<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types of antibodies<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Diagnosis<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Treatment<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent thrombosis due to the presence of antibodies directed against phospholipid-binding proteins, interfering with normal coagulation. APS can appear on its own (primary) or in association with another disease such as SLE (secondary). The thrombosis may appear in the veins (more commonly) or arteries (most [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":9306,"menu_order":12,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9332","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Antiphospholipid syndrome &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/immunology\/antiphospholipid-syndrome\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/clinical\\\/internal-medicine\\\/immunology\\\/antiphospholipid-syndrome\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/clinical\\\/internal-medicine\\\/immunology\\\/antiphospholipid-syndrome\\\/\",\"name\":\"Antiphospholipid syndrome &#8211; 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