{"id":9312,"date":"2021-12-19T00:23:58","date_gmt":"2021-12-18T22:23:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/immunology\/raynauds-syndrome-types-etiology-symptoms-diagnosis-therapy\/"},"modified":"2021-12-22T23:13:18","modified_gmt":"2021-12-22T21:13:18","slug":"raynauds-syndrome-types-etiology-symptoms-diagnosis-therapy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/immunology\/raynauds-syndrome-types-etiology-symptoms-diagnosis-therapy\/","title":{"rendered":"Raynaud’s syndrome (types, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, therapy)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Raynaud’s syndrome is a disorder in which there’s vasospasm in the arteries of the hand, leading to pain and color changes in one digit or more due to the cessation of blood supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Types<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
  1. Primary<\/strong>. Appears by itself, without an underlying disease. Most common.<\/li>
  2. Secondary<\/strong>. Appears as a collection of symptoms, as a part of a systemic disease (systemic sclerosis).<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

    Pathomechanism and etiology<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

    The proposed pathomechanism is adrenergic hyperactivation, leading to vasospasm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The vasospasm is typically triggered by cold weather, vibration, and stress. Smoking is a contributor.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

    Symptoms<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

    The vasospasm typically affects digits II-IV, and causes reversible:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    • Pain<\/li>
    • Parasthesia<\/li>
    • Color changees<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      The color changes can be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      • Uniphasic<\/strong>. Pallor\/cyanosis only.<\/li>
      • Biphasic<\/strong>. Cyanosis followed by erythema.<\/li>
      • Triphasic<\/strong>. Pallor, followed by cyanosis, followed by erythema.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        The vasospasm may last from minutes to hours but in its primary form does not cause actual tissue damage; the secondary form, however, may cause painful ulcers. Occasionally, the nose or tongue are also affected.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

        Diagnosis<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
        • Clinical picture suggesting RS<\/li>
        • Differentiation of primary\/secondary forms<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          It is important to differentiate the primary form which is relatively harmless, from the secondary form, which is a sign of early connective tissue disease, such as systemic sclerosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Compared to the primary form, the secondary form appears at an older age, affects the hands asymmetrically, and causes ischemic lesions. Additional tests are required for the diagnosis of connective tissue disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          DDx: Acrocyanosis. The difference is that acrocyanosis is persistent and is not painful, unlike Raynaud’s.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

          Therapy<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
          • Rewarming<\/li>
          • Avoidance of cold, stress, and vibration<\/li>
          • Smoking cessation<\/li>
          • Calcium-channel blockers<\/li>
          • Prozasin (alpha-1 blocker)<\/li>
          • Cervical sympathectomy<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span>

            Types<\/h4>

            Pathomechanism and etiology<\/h4>

            Symptoms<\/h4>

            Diagnosis<\/h4>

            Therapy<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Raynaud’s syndrome is a disorder in which there’s vasospasm in the arteries of the hand, leading to pain and color changes in one digit or more due to the cessation of blood supply. Types Primary. Appears by itself, without an underlying disease. Most common. Secondary. Appears as a collection of symptoms, as a part of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":9306,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9312","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nRaynaud's syndrome (types, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, therapy) – Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/immunology\/raynauds-syndrome-types-etiology-symptoms-diagnosis-therapy\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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