{"id":7445,"date":"2021-10-13T19:32:09","date_gmt":"2021-10-13T17:32:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/abdomen-and-pelvis\/innervation\/nervous-system-introduction\/"},"modified":"2021-10-13T19:34:05","modified_gmt":"2021-10-13T17:34:05","slug":"nervous-system-introduction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/abdomen-and-pelvis\/innervation\/nervous-system-introduction\/","title":{"rendered":"Nervous system &#8211; Introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-dd1afda5-30ae-4f58-b752-bb69d6f42a61\"><div class=\"intro\">The following article is a brief introductrion to the nervous system.<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-b9090409-4994-4e08-ac07-c8609f47fa49\">The nervous system can be divided into <strong>structurally and functionally<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-2e7827be-cc98-4ed1-974c-a4eb0ef5db9c\"><li><strong>Structurally<\/strong>, it is divided into the following two components:<ul><li><strong>The central nervous system<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>CNS<\/strong>&nbsp;(the brain and spinal cord)<\/li><li>The&nbsp;<strong>peripheral nervous system<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>PNS<\/strong>&nbsp;(spinal and peripheral nerves, and ganglia)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Functionally<\/strong>, it is divided into the following two components:<ul><li><strong>Somatic nervous system&nbsp;<\/strong>or&nbsp;<strong>SNS<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Autonomic&nbsp;nervous system<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>ANS<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-fae13aed-913a-4964-a584-8cd72aa0156b\">The two basic directions of communication in the nervous system are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-a93d0c61-ca7b-4502-b5a6-7f88059212b7\"><li><strong>Afferent (sensory) nerves&nbsp;<\/strong>or&nbsp;<strong>fibers&nbsp;<\/strong>\u2014 towards the CNS<\/li><li><strong>Efferent (motor) nerves<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>fibers&nbsp;<\/strong>\u2014 towards the effector organs (muscles, glands)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-4ae75f6a-3f65-4bf3-9c1c-9185dab09ad7\"><em>An easy way to remember them is that&nbsp;<strong>a<\/strong>fferent =&nbsp;<strong>a<\/strong>rrive, and&nbsp;<strong>e<\/strong>fferent =&nbsp;<strong>e<\/strong>xit.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-d8d9b22a-71b4-48e1-abec-6a1b71c8c260\">The sensory and motor nerves participate in both autonomic and somatic nervous systems.<\/p>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Somatic nervous system<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-72c3d7d2-c609-4774-a3c9-e1f51e33889d\">The somatic nervous system transmits information and controls activities that are largely under our perception.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-72c3d7d2-c609-4774-a3c9-e1f51e33889d\">The somatic nervous system consists of&nbsp;<strong>somatic&nbsp;motor nerves<\/strong>&nbsp;which control voluntary (skeletal) muscles, and the&nbsp;<strong>somatic sensory nerves, <\/strong>which receive conscious information about touch and pain.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Autonomic nervous system<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-4be143aa-4d4b-4d5d-b2a4-4df6c6db4b36\"><li>Transports information and controls activities that are beyond our perception<\/li><li>The nerves of the autonomic nervous systems are regarded as&nbsp;<strong>visceral<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2014 the&nbsp;<strong>visceral&nbsp;<\/strong>motor nerves control involuntary systems such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands<\/li><li>The&nbsp;<strong>visceral sensory nerves&nbsp;<\/strong>receive information about body temperature, stomach acidity, blood pressure, blood chemistry, and special pain perceptions<\/li><li><strong>Special visceral sensory nerves<\/strong>&nbsp;transmit information about taste, vision, smell, and hearing<\/li><li>The autonomic nervous system can be subdivided into the&nbsp;<strong>sympathetic<\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>parasympathetic<\/strong>&nbsp;systems<ul><li>These systems work together constantly, and depending on the situation, each of them has a different level of activity \u2014 one can predominate on the other, or they can balance each other.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Sympathetic system<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-bb95f827-bfd3-484b-bab4-b215957fd742\"><strong>\u201cFight or flight\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2014 this system predominates during stressful situations (imagine a bear chasing you), increasing our chances of survival:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-53119e5f-b483-4d84-80e4-9783141c8f32\"><li>Dilation of the pupils<\/li><li>Increased heart rate<\/li><li>Redistribution of blood (more to the muscles, less to the gastrointestinal tract)<\/li><li>Bronchodilation and increased rate of breathing<\/li><li>Sweating<\/li><li>\u201cSticky\u201d (mucus) saliva<\/li><li>\u201cGoosebumps\u201d<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The entire sympathetic innervation of the body originates from the spinal cord&nbsp;(<strong>thoracolumbar outflow<\/strong>); more specifically, in the lateral horn of the spinal cord, found between T1 to L2 segments (<strong>intermediolateral cell columns<\/strong>, see Figure 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sympathetic nerve fibers are &#8220;carried&#8221; on by arteries (such as the internal carotid and middle meningeal arteries), by being embedded within their connective tissue.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Parasympathetic system<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-f18cd5dc-4750-402d-9921-1ffd524ca558\"><strong>\u201cRest and digest\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2014 this system predominates in relaxed situations (during a meal):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-f8010eed-2105-446c-84d6-872f0285885d\"><li>Constriction of the pupils<\/li><li>Decreased heart rate<\/li><li>Bronchoconstriction and decreased rate of breathing<\/li><li>Redistribution of blood (more to the gastrointestinal tract)<\/li><li>\u201cWatery\u201d (serous) saliva<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The entire parasympathetic innervation of the body originates from the brainstem and sacral spinal cord (S1-S2 segments).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parasympathetic nerve fibers are &#8220;carried&#8221; on by other nerves, specifically the cranial nerves.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ans.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Nervous system - Introduction\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1042\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ans.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7439\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ans.png 1042w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ans-195x300.png 195w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ans-667x1024.png 667w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ans-768x1180.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ans-1000x1536.png 1000w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ans-1333x2048.png 1333w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1042px) 100vw, 1042px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The autonomic nervous system.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Autonomic ganglia<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-e1a5874a-a2ec-43af-89d6-72ee479ad78b\">Ganglia are collections of neurons located outside of the CNS, and they are essentially the &#8220;relay stations&#8221; of the nervous system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are two different types of ganglia: <strong>sensory<\/strong>, and<strong> autonomic ganglia<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Sensory ganglia are found in spinal and some cranial nerves, and are of little importance for now.<\/li><li>Autonomic ganglia are spread throughout the body, and these are the ones we&#8217;ll be focusing on.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The autonomic ganglia are divided into <strong>sympathetic <\/strong>and <strong>parasympathetic ganglia<\/strong>, based on the type of innervation that synapses with the neuron.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-178ae46f-f891-47dd-91c9-16482a3899b3\"><li>Each autonomic ganglion has <strong>pre-<\/strong> and <strong>post-ganglionic nerve fibers<\/strong>.<\/li><li>The <strong>pre-ganglionic (pre-synaptic) fibers<\/strong> recieve autonomic innervation (the <strong>root <\/strong>of the ganglion) and synapse on the neuron within the ganglion. <\/li><li>The neuron of the ganglion transmits its signals through <strong>post-ganglionic (post-synaptic<\/strong>) <strong>fibers<\/strong> that end innervating peripheral tissues (e.g. smooth muscle).<\/li><li><strong>Sympathetic ganglia<\/strong> are located far away from their target tissues and close to the CNS, hence, their pre-ganglionic fibers are short, while the postganglionic fibers are long. For example, the sympathetic trunk.<\/li><li><strong>Parasympathetic&nbsp;ganglia<\/strong> are located very close to their target tissues and far away from the CNS, meaning that the pre-ganglionic fibers are long, while the postganglionic fibers are short.<\/li><li>The pre-ganglionic fibers are sometimes referred to as&nbsp;<strong>white rami communicating branches<\/strong>, as they are covered by myelin (which gives them the whitish color).<\/li><li>The post-ganglionic fibers are&nbsp;<strong>gray rami communicating branches<\/strong> (as they are not covered by myelin).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Important:<\/strong> Sympathetic ganglia receive <strong>only <\/strong>sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers, but parasympathetic ganglia receive three types of pre-ganglionic fibers: <strong>parasympathetic, sympathetic, <\/strong>and <strong>sensory fibers<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is important to remember that <strong>only the parasympathetic fibers synapse with the ganglion<\/strong>, while the sympathetic and sensory fibers just pass through it, and this is why these ganglia are considered parasympathetic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When describing the root (pre-ganglionic fibers) of parasympathetic ganglia, we should mention all of the fibers (not only the parasympathetic ones).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, the roots of the <strong>ciliary ganglion<\/strong> of the head and neck include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The oculomotor nerve (<strong>parasympathetic<\/strong>)<\/li><li>Internal carotid plexus (fibers of the superior cervical ganglion, originating from T1 and T2 &#8211; <strong>sympathetic<\/strong>)<\/li><li><strong>Sensory <\/strong>fibers from the eyeball.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Cranial nerves<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-662307a1-565b-4e29-b8c9-b6f100e41161\">Cranial nerves are nerves that arise directly from the brain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-67f986cd-6b94-44ac-9643-3c14554153c6\">There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, providing autonomic and somatic innervation mostly to the head and neck, but also other organs, which will be discussed later on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-85879fe8-cbb6-4b6d-9b0c-f38ff7fa6599\"><li>11 pairs arise from the brain, and one pair (CN XI) arises from the upper segment of the spinal cord<\/li><li>Cranial nerves are named roughly after their function, and are numbered in Roman numerals (CN I-XII) after the location of their origin in the brain (rostrally to caudally):<ol><li>Olfactory nerve (CN I)<\/li><li>Optic nerve (CN II)<\/li><li>Oculomotor nerve (CN III)<\/li><li>Trochlear nerve (CN IV)<\/li><li>Trigeminal nerve (CN V)<\/li><li>Abducent nerve (CN VI)<\/li><li>Facial nerve (CN VII)<\/li><li>Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)<\/li><li>Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)<\/li><li>Vagus nerve (CN X)<\/li><li>Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)<\/li><li>Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-7f1c7184-bdaa-4a26-ba34-775d7b60eeb4\">You should know this list by heart and memorize both the number and name. Each nerve is discussed in-depth in its own article.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Spinal nerves and their origin<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_8\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Spinal nerves<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_8\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-e94ec942-16cc-4400-a1bd-c9fd5f77a376\">Spinal nerves are nerves that arise from the spinal cord.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-ab587834-825f-4dc0-985c-aace0b109a60\">There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each pair is identified by the location of the segment of spinal cord they originate from:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-32014f77-12ad-49ce-814a-ae5e4c0c4afb\"><li>8 Cervical (C1-C8) \u2014 since there are only 7 cervical vertebrae, this creates a problem. See the notice below.<\/li><li>12 Thoracic (T1-T12)<\/li><li>5 Lumbar (L1-L5)<\/li><li>5 Sacral (S1-S5)<\/li><li>1 Coccygeal (Co)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"block-7d44760e-1551-4f20-9d8a-c398acea2cc1\"><strong>Note: <\/strong>The first 7 spinal nerves (C1-C7) exit the vertebral column above the respective vertebra, while the rest of the spinal nerves exit below it, for example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-1c205e46-aac3-4549-bfca-c366adaa31aa\"><li>C1 exits above C1 vertebra<\/li><li>C3 exits above C3 vertebra (intervertebral foramina between C2 and C3)<\/li><li>C8 exits below C7 (intervertebral foramina between C7 and T1)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_9\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\"><strong>Origin<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_9\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-3337bae9-9375-4e8a-bdca-55fcd5ef1262\"><li>Spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord as&nbsp;<strong>rootlets&nbsp;<\/strong>which prior to exiting converge to&nbsp;<strong>roots<\/strong> (<strong>anterior&nbsp;<\/strong>or&nbsp;<strong>ventral root<\/strong>, and&nbsp;<strong>posterior&nbsp;<\/strong>or&nbsp;<strong>dorsal root<\/strong>).<\/li><li>The anterior root consists of <strong>motor <\/strong>(efferent) fibers, while the posterior root consists of <strong>sensory <\/strong>fibers (afferent)<\/li><li>The two roots converge to become a single spinal nerve which exits through the intervertebral foramina of the vertebral column<\/li><li>As soon as they exit, spinal nerves divide into&nbsp;two&nbsp;<strong>rami<\/strong> (<strong>anterior&nbsp;<\/strong>or&nbsp;<strong>ventral rami<\/strong>, and&nbsp;<strong>posterior&nbsp;<\/strong>or&nbsp;<strong>dorsal rami<\/strong>). Careful not to mix between <strong>roots<\/strong> and <strong>rami <\/strong>\u2014 rami contain mixed fibers (both motor and sensory), while roots contain only motor or sensory fibers<ul><li>Generally, the posterior rami provide innervation to the back, including the structures related to the vertebral column (joints and muscles), as well as the skin of the back, while the anterior rami supply pretty much everything else<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"block-87f2b785-1fd7-44ec-aee1-1116bfd9c501\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Figure_35_04_04.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Nervous system - Introduction\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Figure_35_04_04.jpg\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is Figure_35_04_04.jpg\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Cross-section of the spinal cord<\/strong>&nbsp;(credit: OpenStax,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"block-4f878bc5-fdf2-4710-b638-7871e4cac143\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/spinal_nerves_v1_1-600x400.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Nervous system - Introduction\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/spinal_nerves_v1_1-600x400.png\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is spinal_nerves_v1_1-600x400.png\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Cross-section of the vertebral column and spinal cord<\/strong>&nbsp;(Credit: DO11.10, GFD License)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Somatic nervous system<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Autonomic nervous system<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sympathetic system<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Parasympathetic system<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Autonomic ganglia<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cranial nerves<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Spinal nerves and their origin<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Spinal nerves<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Origin<\/strong><\/h4><\/div><\/p>\n<div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1636,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7445","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nervous system - Introduction &#8211; 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