{"id":6683,"date":"2021-09-13T21:45:20","date_gmt":"2021-09-13T19:45:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/nervous-system\/neurodegenerative\/"},"modified":"2021-09-13T21:47:38","modified_gmt":"2021-09-13T19:47:38","slug":"neurodegenerative","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/nervous-system\/neurodegenerative\/","title":{"rendered":"Neurodegenerative"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Dementias<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Diseases that involve the <strong>hippocampus<\/strong> and associated cortices present with cognitive changes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With time these progress to dementia, as occurs with Alzheimer disease.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NDD caused by the accumulation of <strong>Amyloid \u03b2 plaques <\/strong>and <strong>tau<\/strong><strong> tangles<\/strong>, leading to neuronal damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Most common cause of dementia in older adults<ul><li>Especially of intellectuals<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>A<\/strong><strong>\u03b2<\/strong> occurs when a normal protein &#8212; amyloid precursor protein (APP) &#8212; is cleaved by the enzymes \u03b2-amyloid-converting-enzyme (BACE) and gamma-secretase<ul><li>The gene coding for APP is found on chromosome 21 &#8212; Increased risk in Trisomy 21<\/li><li>Apolipoprotein E isoforms can promote&nbsp;A\u03b2 generation<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Tau<\/strong><ul><li>A microtubule-associated structural protein present in axons<\/li><li>Mechanisms:<ul><li>The stabilizing function is lost<\/li><li>Aggregation causes cellular stress<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Inflammation and activation of the innate immune system due to&nbsp;A\u03b2 and tau<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Morphology<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Neuritic plaques (extracellular)<\/li><li>Neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Lewy Body Dementia<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some patients with Parkinson&#8217;s Disease (a movement disorder) develop dementia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This type of dementia is known as&nbsp;<strong>Lewy Body Dementia<\/strong>, and as its name suggests &#8212; is characterized by symptoms of dementia with the presence of Lewy bodies, especially in the cerebral cortex.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Frontotemporal Dementia<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The clinical manifestation Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration &#8211; a group of NDDs that mainly affect the frontal and temporal lobes.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Characteristics<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Deterioration of the language and changes in the personality<\/li><li>Later on, memory disturbances (compared to AD in which it is reversed)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Types &#8212; Depending on the neuronal inclusions<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>FTLD-tau\u00a0<\/strong>&#8212; Pick disease<ul><li>Pick bodies<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>FTLD-TDP43<\/strong><ul><li>TDP43 is a DNA\/RNA-binding protein<\/li><li>Related to ALS<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are diseases characterized by the progressive loss of neurons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Characterized by the accumulation of protein aggregates and hyperactivity of the innate immune system<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_8\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Movement disorders<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_8\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Diseases that affect the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor centers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Hypokinetic &#8212; Parkinson&#8217;s<\/li><li>Hyperkinetic &#8212; Huntington&#8217;s<\/li><li>Weakness &#8212; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_9\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD)<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_9\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An NDD characterized by hypokinesia, caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substancia nigra.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_10\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Parkinsonism<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_10\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A syndrome mostly caused by PD that includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Tremor<\/li><li>Bradykinesia<\/li><li>Instability<\/li><li>Rigidity<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Can be caused due to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Dopamine antagonists or drugs damaging dopaminergic neurons<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_11\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Characteristics<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_11\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Death is usually associated with accidents (aspiration)<\/li><li>Lewy (Levi) bodies containing alpha-synuclein<\/li><li>Tau<ul><li>A microtubule-associated structural protein present in axons<\/li><li>Mechanisms:<ul><li>Stabilizing function is lost<\/li><li>Aggregation causes cellular stress<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_12\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_12\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NDD caused by the death of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem and primary motor cortex (Betz cells).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Denervation of muscles<\/li><li>Usually, does not affect the sensory neurons<\/li><li>Most cases are sporadic<\/li><li>Death is usually due to failure of respiration muscles and pneumonia<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_13\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Huntington&#8217;s disease<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_13\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An autosomal dominant NDD characterized by hyperkinesia, characterized by the loss and degeneration of the caudate and putamen, caused due to mutations (CAG repeats expansion) in the <strong>huntingtin<\/strong> protein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>If the disease manifests in the parent, it will usually manifest earlier in the affected offspring ( <strong>anticipation<\/strong> )<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dementias<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Morphology<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lewy Body Dementia<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frontotemporal Dementia<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Characteristics<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types &#8212; Depending on the neuronal inclusions<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Movement disorders<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD)<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Parkinsonism<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Characteristics<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Huntington&#8217;s disease<\/h3><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dementias Diseases that involve the hippocampus and associated cortices present with cognitive changes With time these progress to dementia, as occurs with Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease NDD caused by the accumulation of Amyloid \u03b2 plaques and tau tangles, leading to neuronal damage. Most common cause of dementia in older adults Especially of intellectuals A\u03b2 occurs [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":6651,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6683","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Neurodegenerative &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/nervous-system\/neurodegenerative\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/nervous-system\\\/neurodegenerative\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/nervous-system\\\/neurodegenerative\\\/\",\"name\":\"Neurodegenerative &#8211; 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