{"id":6677,"date":"2021-09-13T21:43:57","date_gmt":"2021-09-13T19:43:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/respiratory-system\/primary-cns-tumors\/"},"modified":"2021-09-13T21:44:22","modified_gmt":"2021-09-13T19:44:22","slug":"primary-cns-tumors","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/nervous-system\/primary-cns-tumors\/","title":{"rendered":"Primary CNS tumors"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Things to consider:<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>There are no premalignant (or in-situ) stages<\/li><li>Even low-grade and benign tumors are dengerous (destruction\/increase IcP)<\/li><li>Gliomas rarely spread outside the CNS<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Gliomas<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Types<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Based on the differentiation of the tumor cell:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Astrocytomas<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Oligodendrogliomas<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Ependymomas<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Astrocytomas<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most common adult glioma. As with other tumors, higher grade = worse prognosis.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Types and grades<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Low-grade (relatively benign)<ul><li><strong>Pilocytic astrocytoma (WHO grade I)<\/strong><ul><li>Most often comes with a cystic growth<ul><li>The cyst is more concerning than the solid growth, as it grows much faster<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Most commonly found in the cerebellum<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>High-grade (diffuse)<ul><li><strong>Diffuse astrocytoma (grade II)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Glioblastoma (grade IV)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Oligodendrogliomas<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Less common adult glioma<\/li><li>Mainly in frontal or temporal lobes<\/li><li>Better prognosis than astrocytomas<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Ependymomas<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Most commonly arise within the ventricles and central canal<\/li><li>Tumor cells may form&nbsp;<strong>rosettes&nbsp;<\/strong>(canals) by rounding up around an empty lumen or <strong>perivascular pseudorosettes&nbsp;<\/strong>by rounding up around a blood vessel<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_8\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Midline gliomas<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_8\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Arises mostly in the brainstem and spinal cord<\/li><li>Its significance raises in the infiltration and destruction of important structres<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_9\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Genetic mechanisms<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_9\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>BRAF<\/strong><ul><li>Grade I (pilocytic) astrocytomas<ul><li>No IDH1\/2 mutations<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>IDH1\/2 mutation<\/strong><ul><li>Grade II astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Telomerase activation<\/strong><ul><li>Uncommon together with IDH1\/2 mutations<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Neuronal<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_10\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Far less common<\/li><li>Usually low-grade<\/li><li>Cells express neuronal markers (<strong>synaptophysin<\/strong>)<\/li><li>Generally, divided to <strong>adult<\/strong> and&nbsp;<strong>embryonal&nbsp;<\/strong>neoplasms<ul><li>Adult neoplasms usually occur above the tentorium<\/li><li>Embryonal neoplasms usually occur below the tentorium<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_11\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Adult<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_11\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Central neurocytomas<\/strong><ul><li>Found within and adjacent the ventricular system<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors<\/strong><ul><li>Found in the superficial temporal lobe<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Gangliogliomas<\/strong><ul><li>Neuronal tumors with a mixture of glial elements (usually astrocytote-like)<\/li><li>BRAF mutations<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_12\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Embryonal<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_12\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Appear in children<\/li><li>&#8220;Small round cell&#8221; appearance<\/li><li>Most common is&nbsp;<strong>medulloblastoma<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_13\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Medulloblastoma<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_13\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Highly malignant<\/li><li>Appears exclusively in the cerebellum<\/li><li>Genetic mechanism:<ul><li>Beta-catenin overproduction (WNT pathway)<\/li><li>PTCH1 mutations (Hedgehog pathway)<\/li><li>MYC overexpression<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_14\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Other<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_14\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Primary CNS lymphoma<\/strong><ul><li>Mostly occuring as DLBCL<\/li><li>Associated with EBV<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Germ cell tumors<\/strong><ul><li><strong>Germinomas<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Things to consider:<\/h4><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gliomas<\/h2><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Astrocytomas<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types and grades<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oligodendrogliomas<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ependymomas<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Midline gliomas<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Genetic mechanisms<\/h3><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Neuronal<\/h2><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adult<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Embryonal<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Medulloblastoma<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other<\/h3><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Things to consider: There are no premalignant (or in-situ) stages Even low-grade and benign tumors are dengerous (destruction\/increase IcP) Gliomas rarely spread outside the CNS Gliomas Types Based on the differentiation of the tumor cell: Astrocytomas Oligodendrogliomas Ependymomas Astrocytomas Most common adult glioma. As with other tumors, higher grade = worse prognosis. Types and grades [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":6651,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6677","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Primary CNS tumors &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/nervous-system\/primary-cns-tumors\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/nervous-system\\\/primary-cns-tumors\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/nervous-system\\\/primary-cns-tumors\\\/\",\"name\":\"Primary CNS tumors &#8211; 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