{"id":6670,"date":"2021-09-13T21:40:37","date_gmt":"2021-09-13T19:40:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/gastrointestinal-system\/appendix\/"},"modified":"2021-09-13T21:41:07","modified_gmt":"2021-09-13T19:41:07","slug":"appendix","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/gastrointestinal-system\/appendix\/","title":{"rendered":"Appendix"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The appendix is a normal true diverticulum<\/strong> of the cecum that is prone to inflammation (appendicitis).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inflammation<\/h3>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
  • DD:
    • Yersinia enterocolitica (pseudoappendicitis)<\/li>
    • Ectopic pregnancy<\/li>
    • Period pain<\/li>
    • Meckel diverticulum<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
    • Most cases are associated with luminal obstruction
      • A hard piece of feces, mucous, gallstone, or tumor<\/li>
      • As with every obstructed luminal organ — a bacterial infection, followed by an immune response — neutrophilic infiltration<\/strong>, seen within the muscularis propria<\/strong>, and the formation of an abscess<\/li>
      • The inflammation and distension leads to compression of appendiceal veins, leading to ulceration and gangrenous necrosis, which can eventually lead to the rupture of the appendix<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
      • McBurney sign<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

        Tumors<\/h3>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

        The most common appendiceal tumor is a benign carcinoid tumor<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

        Carcinoid tumors<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

        Carcinoid tumors consist of neuroendocrine cells<\/strong>. Carcinoid is an old term that today is known as well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        • Most are found in the GIT, specifically the small intestine, although they can arise anywhere<\/li>
        • Although mostly indolent, their location is an indicator of their nature
          • Carcinoids arising in the foregut rarely metastasize<\/li>
          • Midgut carcinoids (small intestine) are more aggressive<\/li>
          • Hindgut carcinoids are relatively benign<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
          • The neuroendocrine cells of GIT are the largest endocrine system in the human body<\/li>
          • Some carcinoid tumors produce hormones, however, those are inactivated in the liver
            • In case of large, metastatic tumors or liver dysfunction, those may give rise to clinically significant symptoms, known as carcinoid syndromes<\/strong>:
              • Zollinger-Ellison syndrome <\/strong>— Gastrin-producing carcinoids<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                Some neuroendocrine tumors show poor differentiation — those are usually malignant.<\/p>\n<\/span>

                Inflammation<\/h3>

                Tumors<\/h3>

                Carcinoid tumors<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                The appendix is a normal true diverticulum of the cecum that is prone to inflammation (appendicitis). Inflammation DD: Yersinia enterocolitica (pseudoappendicitis) Ectopic pregnancy Period pain Meckel diverticulum Most cases are associated with luminal obstruction A hard piece of feces, mucous, gallstone, or tumor As with every obstructed luminal organ — a bacterial infection, followed by […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":404,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6670","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nAppendix – Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/gastrointestinal-system\/appendix\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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