{"id":6667,"date":"2021-09-13T21:39:26","date_gmt":"2021-09-13T19:39:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/soft-tissue-tumors\/malabsorption\/"},"modified":"2021-09-13T21:39:35","modified_gmt":"2021-09-13T19:39:35","slug":"malabsorption","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/gastrointestinal-system\/malabsorption\/","title":{"rendered":"Malabsorption"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Definition<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Defective absorption of nutrients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Most commonly manifests as <strong>chronic diarrhea<\/strong><ul><li><strong>Steatorrhea&nbsp;<\/strong>&#8212; Diarrhea with excessive amounts of fat<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Results in weight loss, vitamin deficiencies, muscle wasting, borborygmi (grumbling sounds and hunger pangs)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Etiology<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cause of the malabsorption depends on the chemical\/anatomical step of absorption being defected:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Intraluminal digestion&nbsp;<\/strong>&#8212; Breaking down of macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) within the lumen of the GIT<\/li><li><strong>Terminal digestion&nbsp;<\/strong>&#8212; Further breakdown of micronutrients (disaccharides, peptides) in the brush border of enterocytes<\/li><li><strong>Transepithelial transport&nbsp;<\/strong>&#8212; Transport of fluid and nutrients across the enterocytes<\/li><li><strong>Lymphatic transport&nbsp;<\/strong>&#8212; Transport of chylomicrons to the lymphatic system<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most abnormalities are not confined to a single step.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Examples<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Cystic fibrosis &#8212; intraluminal digestion<\/li><li>Celiac disease &#8212; terminal digestion (+transepithelial transport)<\/li><li>Lactase deficiency<\/li><li>Abetalipoproteinemia<\/li><li>Microscopic colitis<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Cystic fibrosis<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">AR disease characterized by exocrine glands and mucosal tissue dysfunctions caused by a genetic mutation in the CFTR gene coding for a Cl- channel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Affects the secretion of ions (and water) into the lumen of the small intestine &#8212; <strong>viscous luminal content&nbsp;<\/strong>in the intestine<ul><li>May lead to <strong>meconium ileus&nbsp;<\/strong>&#8212; extremely sticky bowel movement, that may obstruct the lumen<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Usually causes the obstruction of the pancreatic ducts<ul><li>In the short-term, the pancreatic juice does not reach the lumen, preventing proper digestion<\/li><li>In the long-term, the pancreatic juice causes autodigestion, pancreatitis and eventually <strong>exocrine pancreatic insufficiency<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Celiac disease<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An immune-mediated enteropathy initiated by the ingestion of gluten, in genetically predisposed individuals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Gluten is broken down to gliadin, which is then deaminated by <strong>tissue transglutaminase<\/strong><\/li><li>In individuals with Celiac disease, there is an immunological reaction to the deaminated gliadin:<ul><li><strong>Presentation of deaminated gliadin to T-helper cells<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Secretion of cytokines resulting in inflammation and cellular destruction<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Production of antibodies:<\/strong><ul><li><strong>Anti-gliadin<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Anti-tTG<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Anti-endomysium<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>The identified HLA allele is HLA-DQ2 or DQ8<\/li><li>Morphology:<ul><li>Intraepithelial lymphocytosis<\/li><li>Crypt hyperplasia<\/li><li>Villous atrophy<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>The disease usually presents within 6 months after birth (introduction of gluten)<ul><li>The adult form usually presents after the age of 30<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Dermatitis herpetiformis&nbsp;<\/strong>is common &#8212; blisters appearing on the skin<\/li><li>Increased incidence of malignancy<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Lactase deficiency<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Absence of lactase enzyme (can be congenital or acquired)<\/li><li>Osmotically active lactose stays in the lumen, leading to diarrhea<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Abetalipoproteinemia<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A defect in the secretion mechanism of TAG-rich lipoproteins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The enterocytes can absorb the lipoproteins but cannot pass them on<\/li><li>Leads to developmental problems early on, and fat-soluble vitamin insufficiency<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_8\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Microscopic colitis<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_8\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An idiopathic group of enteropathies consisting of two conditions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Collagenous colitis<ul><li>Presence of dense subepithelial collagenous layer and lymphocytic infiltration<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Lymphocytic colitis<ul><li>Infiltration of lymphocytes into the intestinal epithelium<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Definition<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Etiology<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Examples<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cystic fibrosis<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Celiac disease<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lactase deficiency<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abetalipoproteinemia<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Microscopic colitis<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Definition Defective absorption of nutrients. Most commonly manifests as chronic diarrhea Steatorrhea&nbsp;&#8212; Diarrhea with excessive amounts of fat Results in weight loss, vitamin deficiencies, muscle wasting, borborygmi (grumbling sounds and hunger pangs) Etiology The cause of the malabsorption depends on the chemical\/anatomical step of absorption being defected: Intraluminal digestion&nbsp;&#8212; Breaking down of macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":404,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6667","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Malabsorption &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/gastrointestinal-system\/malabsorption\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/gastrointestinal-system\\\/malabsorption\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/gastrointestinal-system\\\/malabsorption\\\/\",\"name\":\"Malabsorption &#8211; Meddists\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2021-09-13T19:39:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-09-13T19:39:35+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/gastrointestinal-system\\\/malabsorption\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/gastrointestinal-system\\\/malabsorption\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/gastrointestinal-system\\\/malabsorption\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"http:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Pre-clinical\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Pathology\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Gastrointestinal System\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/gastrointestinal-system\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"Malabsorption\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/\",\"name\":\"Meddists\",\"description\":\"Let&#039;s Get Studying\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Malabsorption &#8211; Meddists","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/gastrointestinal-system\/malabsorption\/","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/gastrointestinal-system\/malabsorption\/","url":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/gastrointestinal-system\/malabsorption\/","name":"Malabsorption &#8211; Meddists","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/#website"},"datePublished":"2021-09-13T19:39:26+00:00","dateModified":"2021-09-13T19:39:35+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/gastrointestinal-system\/malabsorption\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/gastrointestinal-system\/malabsorption\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/gastrointestinal-system\/malabsorption\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"http:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Pre-clinical","item":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Pathology","item":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Gastrointestinal System","item":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/gastrointestinal-system\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"Malabsorption"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/#website","url":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/","name":"Meddists","description":"Let&#039;s Get Studying","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6667","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6667"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6667\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6669,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6667\/revisions\/6669"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/404"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6667"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}