{"id":6635,"date":"2021-09-13T21:03:29","date_gmt":"2021-09-13T19:03:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/respiratory-system\/granulomatous-diseases\/"},"modified":"2021-09-13T21:04:07","modified_gmt":"2021-09-13T19:04:07","slug":"granulomatous-diseases","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/respiratory-system\/granulomatous-diseases\/","title":{"rendered":"Granulomatous diseases"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Definition<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A group of interstitial lung diseases characterized by the presence of granulomas.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">General mechanisms<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Due to infections, or conditions unrelated to infections.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Infections<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Tuberculosis<\/li><li>Opportunistic infections<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Conditions unrelated to infections<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Sarcoidosis<\/strong><\/li><li>Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">(Boeck) Sarcoidosis<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Definition<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by noncaseating granulomatous inflammation in many tissues and organs.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">General mechanism<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The suggested mechanism was shown to be related to abnormal immune responses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Increased levels of T-helper cells secreting high levels of cytokines<ul><li>INF-\u03b3<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_8\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Lung involvement<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_8\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>In 90% of cases<\/li><li>Rarely, the lesions progress to form diffuse interstitial fibrosis<ul><li>&#8220;Honey-comb&#8221; lung<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_9\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Extrapulmonary involvement<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_9\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Involvement of the spleen and liver in 75% of cases<\/li><li>Involvement of the bone marrow in 40% of cases<\/li><li>Involvement of the eyes and lacrimal glands in 25% of cases<ul><li>Sicca syndrome<\/li><li>Most commonly, the uveal tract<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Involvement of the skin in 25% of cases<ul><li><strong>Erythema nodosum<\/strong><ul><li>Inflammation of subcutaneous fat<\/li><li>Seen as flat, red spots on the skin of the lower limb<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_10\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Microscopic morphology<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_10\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Non-necrotizing granulomas<ul><li>Epithelioid cells<\/li><li>Multinucleated giant cells (Langhan&#8217;s cells)<ul><li>In some cases, we can see certain cytoplasmic elements:<ul><li><strong>Schaumann bodies<\/strong><ul><li>Sediments of calcium and protein<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Asteroid bodies<\/strong><ul><li>Star-shaped inclusions<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>T-helper cells dispersed around the lesion<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_11\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Epidemiology<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_11\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Certain HLA genotypes show a higher prevalence<\/li><li>More common in young adults<\/li><li>Higher incidence in certain race groups<ul><li>African Americans<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Common in non-smokers<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_12\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Symptoms and diagnosis<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_12\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>In many cases, the disease is asymptomatic<\/li><li>Symptomatic cases include dyspnea, dry cough and non-specific symptoms (weight loss, fever, fatigue)<\/li><li>Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy can be visualized in chest radiography<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.Ohshimo S, Guzman J, Costabel U, Bonella F. Differential diagnosis of granulomatous lung disease: clues and pitfalls. <em>Eur Respir Rev<\/em>. 2017;26(145):170012. doi:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0012-2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1183\/16000617.0012-2017<\/a><\/p>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Definition<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">General mechanisms<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Infections<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conditions unrelated to infections<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">(Boeck) Sarcoidosis<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Definition<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">General mechanism<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lung involvement<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Extrapulmonary involvement<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Microscopic morphology<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Epidemiology<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Symptoms and diagnosis<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Definition A group of interstitial lung diseases characterized by the presence of granulomas. General mechanisms Due to infections, or conditions unrelated to infections. Infections Tuberculosis Opportunistic infections Conditions unrelated to infections Sarcoidosis Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (Boeck) Sarcoidosis Definition A multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by noncaseating granulomatous inflammation in many tissues and organs. General mechanism [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":6615,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6635","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Granulomatous diseases &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/pathology\/respiratory-system\/granulomatous-diseases\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/respiratory-system\\\/granulomatous-diseases\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/pathology\\\/respiratory-system\\\/granulomatous-diseases\\\/\",\"name\":\"Granulomatous diseases &#8211; 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