{"id":3886,"date":"2021-01-16T23:58:13","date_gmt":"2021-01-16T22:58:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/upper-limb\/shoulder\/axio-appendicular-muscles\/anterior-axio-appendicular-muscles\/"},"modified":"2021-02-09T10:02:57","modified_gmt":"2021-02-09T09:02:57","slug":"anterior-axio-appendicular-muscles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/upper-limb\/shoulder\/axio-appendicular-muscles\/anterior-axio-appendicular-muscles\/","title":{"rendered":"Anterior axio-appendicular muscles"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">The anterior axio-appendicular muscles, also known as the <strong>pectoral<\/strong> or<strong> thoraco-appendicular muscles<\/strong>, include muscles in the pectoral region that control the shoulder and arm:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Pectoralis major<\/li><li>Pectoralis minor<\/li><li>Subclavius<\/li><li>Serratus anterior<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Pectoralis major<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pectoralis major muscle is the largest and most superficial muscle of the anterior wall; it is a thick, fan-shaped muscle, covering the superior part of the thorax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The muscle has two heads:<ul><li>The <strong>clavicular head<\/strong> originates from the medial half of the clavicle.<\/li><li>The <strong>sternocostal head<\/strong> originates from the medial part of the anterior thoracic wall (the anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique muscle) to form:<ul><li><strong>Lateral border<\/strong>: Forms most of the anterior wall of the axilla.<\/li><li><strong>Inferior border<\/strong>: Forms the anterior axillary fold.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Both heads insert distally into the lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>A narrow <strong>deltopectoral groove<\/strong> is formed by the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles; in which the cephalic vein runs.<\/li><li>The pectoralis major muscle allows\u00a0<strong>flexion, adduction,\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0<strong>medial rotation\u00a0<\/strong>of the arm.<\/li><li>It is innervated by the <strong>lateral and medial pectoral nerves<\/strong>, which originate from the brachial plexus in the axilla.<ul><li>Clavicular head (C5, C6)<\/li><li>Sternocostal head (C7, C8, T1)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Clinical vignette: To test the clavicular head, with the arm abducted 90\u00b0; ask the patient to move the arm anteriorly against resistance. If acting normally, the clavicular head can be seen and palpated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Clinical vignette: To test the sternocostal head, with the arm abducted 60\u00b0, ask the patient to adduct against resistance. If acting normally, the sternocostal head can be seen and palpated.<br>Innervation<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Pectoralis minor<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pectoralis minor muscle lies deep to the pectoralis major muscle. It is a small triangular-shaped muscle that originates as three muscular slips.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The <strong>base<\/strong> (origin) is formed by fleshy slips attached to the anterior ends of the 3rd\u20135th ribs near their costal cartilages<\/li><li>The <strong>apex<\/strong> (insertion) inserts on the medial and upper aspects of the coracoid process of the scapula.<\/li><li>The pectoralis minor protects and <strong>stabilizes<\/strong> the scapula by pulling it anteriorly on the thoracic wall and depresses its lateral angle. It is used when <strong>stretching the arm<\/strong> anteriorly.\u00a0 It also assists in elevating the ribs for <strong>deep inspiration<\/strong> when the pectoral girdle is fixed or elevated.<\/li><li>It is innervated by the <strong>medial pectoral nerve<\/strong>, which originates from the brachial plexus in the axilla.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pectoralis minor is a useful anatomical and surgical landmark for structures in the axilla (e.g., the axillary artery).<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Subclavius<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The subclavius muscle is a small, round muscle, covered by the pectoralis major muscle and passes between the clavicle and rib I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The subclavius muscle originates medially, as a tendon, from rib I at the junction between the rib and its costal cartilage.<\/li><li>It passes laterally and superiorly to insert via a muscular attachment into an elongate shallow groove on the inferior surface of the middle third of the clavicle.<\/li><li>It lies almost horizontally when the arm is in the anatomical position.<\/li><li>The subclavius anchors and depresses the clavicle, stabilizing it during movements of the upper limb, and preventing its dislocation from the sternum by pulling it medially.<\/li><li>The subclavius muscle is innervated by the subclavian nerve from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus (C5, C6).<\/li><li>Its location (inferior to the clavicle) grants protection to the subclavian vessels and the superior trunk of the brachial plexus if the clavicle fractures<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Serratus anterior<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The serratus anterior overlies the lateral part of the thorax and forms the medial wall of the axilla. This muscle is named for its saw-tooth appearance of its fleshy slips (L. serratus, a saw).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It originates from the external surfaces of the lateral parts of ribs 1-8.<\/li><li>Inserts on the costal surface of the medial border of the scapula, including its inferior angle.<\/li><li>On its path forms a flattened sheet, which passes posteriorly around the thoracic wall<\/li><li>The serratus anterior is one of the most powerful muscles of the pectoral girdle. It:<br>Pulls the scapula forward over the thoracic wall (especially the inferior part of the muscle) and facilitates scapular rotation. It elevates its glenoid cavity so that the arm can be raised above the shoulder.<br>Keeps the costal surface of the scapula closely opposed to the thoracic wall.<\/li><li>It is a strong protractor of the scapula and is used when punching or reaching anteriorly (sometimes called the \u201cboxer\u2019s muscle\u201d).<\/li><li>The serratus anterior is innervated by the long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7), which is derived from the roots of the brachial plexus.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pectoralis major<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pectoralis minor<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Subclavius<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Serratus anterior<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pectoralis major The pectoralis major muscle is the largest and most superficial muscle of the anterior wall; it is a thick, fan-shaped muscle, covering the superior part of the thorax. The muscle has two heads: The clavicular head originates from the medial half of the clavicle. The sternocostal head originates from the medial part of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3590,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3886","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Anterior axio-appendicular muscles &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/upper-limb\/shoulder\/axio-appendicular-muscles\/anterior-axio-appendicular-muscles\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/upper-limb\\\/shoulder\\\/axio-appendicular-muscles\\\/anterior-axio-appendicular-muscles\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/upper-limb\\\/shoulder\\\/axio-appendicular-muscles\\\/anterior-axio-appendicular-muscles\\\/\",\"name\":\"Anterior axio-appendicular muscles &#8211; 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