{"id":3861,"date":"2021-01-14T02:09:21","date_gmt":"2021-01-14T01:09:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/upper-limb\/forearm\/joints-of-the-forearm\/"},"modified":"2021-12-07T21:12:24","modified_gmt":"2021-12-07T19:12:24","slug":"joints-of-the-forearm","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/upper-limb\/forearm\/joints-of-the-forearm\/","title":{"rendered":"Joints of the forearm"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">The joints of the forearm are the <strong>distal radio-ulnar<\/strong> <strong>joint<\/strong>, and the <strong>interosseous membrane<\/strong> of the forearm.<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/forearm-joints.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Joints of the forearm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"987\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/forearm-joints-1024x987.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3871\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/forearm-joints-1024x987.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/forearm-joints-300x289.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/forearm-joints-768x740.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/forearm-joints.png 1129w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 1. The joints of the forearm <\/strong>(Credit: OpenStax, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Distal radio-ulnar joint<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The distal radio-ulnar joint is a <strong>pivot type of synovial joint (diarthrosis)<\/strong>, made up of the articulation between the <strong>articular surface of the head of the ulna<\/strong>, the <strong>ulnar notch of the distal end of the radius,<\/strong> and a <strong>fibrous articulating disc<\/strong>, separating this joint from the wrist joint.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Movement<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The distal radio-ulnar joint facilitates two movements, together with the proximal radio-ulnar joint &#8212; <strong>pronation, <\/strong>and <strong>supination<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Muscles<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are four muscles involved in the pronation and supination of the forearm, along with one stabilizer muscle. Two muscles are supinators, and two muscles are pronators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Supinators:<\/strong><ul><li><strong>Biceps barchii<\/strong>: The largest of the supinators. Supination is most effective when the forearm is flexed.<\/li><li><strong>Supinator muscle<\/strong>: Located in the <strong>posterior compartment<\/strong> of the forearm, and has a wide origin. <ul><li>Its tendon, together with the biceps brachii tendon, wrap around the distal end of the radius during pronation and unwrap the distal end of the radius to allow supination.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Pronators:<\/strong><ul><li><strong>Pronator teres<\/strong>: Located in the <strong>anterior compartment<\/strong> of the forearm.<\/li><li><strong>Pronator quadratus<\/strong>: Located in the <strong>anterior compartment<\/strong> of the forearm.<\/li><li>Both these muscles act together during contraction to pull the distal end of the radius over the ulna, and thus allow pronation of the forearm.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>anconeus muscle<\/strong>, located in the posterior compartment of the forearm, serves to <strong>maintain the central position of the palm of the hand during pronation.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Structure<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The main binding structure of the distal radio-ulnar joint is a <strong>triangular fibrocartilaginous articular disc<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>The base<\/strong> of the disc binds the medial end of the ulnar notch of the radius.<\/li><li><strong>The apex<\/strong> of the disc binds the lateral side of the base of the styloid process of the ulna.<\/li><li><strong>The proximal aspect<\/strong> of the disc articulates with the distal part of the head of the ulna.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">The articular capsule<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The articular capsule of the distal radio-ulnar joint has two components:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>The fibrous membrane of the articular capsule<\/strong> &#8212; Encloses the distal radio-ulnar joint but <strong>is deficient in its superior aspect<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>The synovial membrane of the articular capsule<\/strong> &#8212; Extends superiorly over the joint to <strong>create the sacciform recess of the distal radio-ulnar joint.<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The sacciform recess of the distal radio-ulnar joint serves an important role: <strong>accommodating&nbsp;the twisting of the joint capsule<\/strong> during pronation of the forearm, in which the distal end of the radius travels around the distal end of the ulna.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Ligaments<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two main systems of ligaments making up the ligaments of the distal radio-ulnar joint are the <strong>triangular fibrocartilage complex<\/strong> (TFCC) and the <strong>radioulnar ligaments <\/strong>(RUL).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The TFCC is a major structure responsible for the stability of the joint (discussed in detail below).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>anterior <\/strong>and <strong>posterior (volar <\/strong>and <strong>dorsal) <\/strong>RUL are weak transverse bands that extend from the radius to the ulna anteriorly and posteriorly, strengthening the fibrous membrane of the articular capsule of the distal radio-ulnar joint.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Blood supply<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The distal radio-ulnar joint is supplied by the <strong>anterior and posterior interosseous arteries.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_8\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Nerve supply<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_8\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The distal radio-ulnar joint is innervated by the <strong>anterior and posterior interosseous nerves.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_9\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Triangular fibrocartilage complex<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_9\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC for short) is an important, load-bearing structure aiding the stability of the distal radio-ulnar joint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It is located between the lunate, triquetrum, and ulnar head.<\/li><li>It consists of a fibrocartilage disc (the <strong>triangular fibrocartilage disc proper<\/strong>) along with numerous ligaments and connective tissue components:<ul><li>Volar radioulnar ligament<\/li><li>Ulnotriquetral ligament <\/li><li>Ulnocapitate ligament <\/li><li>Ulnolunate ligament<\/li><li>Triangular ligament <\/li><li>Ulnar collateral ligament <\/li><li>Meniscal homologue<\/li><li>Dorsal radioulnar ligament <\/li><li>Extensor carpi ulnaris tendon sheath<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">The interosseous membrane<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_10\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The interosseous membrane is a fibrous, connective-tissue sheet that connects the ulna and the radius along their lateral and medial borders, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is a <strong>syndesmosis <\/strong>type of joint (with some authors naming it as the <strong>intermediate <\/strong>or <strong>medial radio-ulnar joint<\/strong>) that not only holds the two bones together and permits movement but also works to balance the load between them during exertion of force.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_11\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Important structural landmarks<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_11\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>A free upper margin<\/strong>, located inferior to the radial tuberosity.<\/li><li><strong>A circular aperture<\/strong> at the distal third of the membrane.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These two landmarks <strong>allow vessels and nerves to pass<\/strong> between the anterior and posterior compartments, superior to the free upper margin and through the circular aperture.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_12\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Functions<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_12\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Connects the radius and the ulna<\/strong> without restricting pronation and supination of the forearm<\/li><li><strong>Provides attachment to muscles<\/strong> of the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The orientation of the fibers forming the interosseous membrane allows proper transmission of force from the radius to the ulna and therefore from the hand to the humerus.<\/p>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Distal radio-ulnar joint<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Movement<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Muscles<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structure<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">The articular capsule<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ligaments<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Blood supply<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nerve supply<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Triangular fibrocartilage complex<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">The interosseous membrane<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Important structural landmarks<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Functions<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Distal radio-ulnar joint The distal radio-ulnar joint is a pivot type of synovial joint (diarthrosis), made up of the articulation between the articular surface of the head of the ulna, the ulnar notch of the distal end of the radius, and a fibrous articulating disc, separating this joint from the wrist joint. Movement The distal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3467,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3861","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Joints of the forearm &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/upper-limb\/forearm\/joints-of-the-forearm\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/upper-limb\\\/forearm\\\/joints-of-the-forearm\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/upper-limb\\\/forearm\\\/joints-of-the-forearm\\\/\",\"name\":\"Joints of the forearm &#8211; 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