{"id":3775,"date":"2021-01-11T09:53:58","date_gmt":"2021-01-11T08:53:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/upper-limb\/hand\/muscles-of-the-hand\/"},"modified":"2021-01-30T22:27:42","modified_gmt":"2021-01-30T21:27:42","slug":"muscles-of-the-hand","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/upper-limb\/hand\/muscles-of-the-hand\/","title":{"rendered":"Muscles of the hand"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">The (intrinsic) muscles of the hand are a collection of muscles arranged in 5 compartments, originating and inserting in the hand. They are important for fine motor and precision movements of the fingers and the thumb.<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"999\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-muscles-1024x999.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3777\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-muscles-1024x999.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-muscles-300x293.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-muscles-768x750.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-muscles-1536x1499.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-muscles-2048x1999.png 2048w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-muscles-50x50.png 50w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-muscles.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><strong>Figure 1. Muscles of the hand (Credit: OpenStax, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Description<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The muscles of the hand can be classified into <strong>extrinsic <\/strong>and <strong>intrinsic muscle groups<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>extrinsic muscles<\/strong> are found in the forearm, providing the entire hand with movement, while the <strong>intrinsic muscles<\/strong> are a collection muscles arranged in 5 compartments, originating and inserting in the hand. They are important for fine motor and precision movements of the fingers and the thumb. <\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Compartments<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The intrinsic muscles of the hand are found in 5 compartments:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Interosseous compartment<\/strong>, containing the dorsal and palmar interossei muscles<\/li><li><strong>Adductor compartment<\/strong>, containing the adductor pollicis muscle<\/li><li><strong>Thenar compartment<\/strong>, containing the thenar muscles<\/li><li><strong>Hypothenar compartment<\/strong>, containing the hypothenar muscles<\/li><li><strong>Central compartment<\/strong>, containing the lumbrical muscles<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All the intrinsic muscles of the hand are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve, except three thenar muscles and the two lateral lumbrical muscles, which are innervated by the median nerve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Interosseous compartment<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The interosseous compartment is the deepest compartment, found between the metacarpal bones, containing the<strong> interossei muscles<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The interossei muscles are attached to the metacarpal bones and insert into the proximal phalanx and the extensor hood of each digit. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They are divided into 2 groups, the dorsal and palmar interossei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The <strong>dorsal interossei<\/strong> are found on the posterior aspect of the hand.    <ul><li>They consist of <strong>3-4 bipennate<\/strong> interosseous muscles between the shafts of adjacent metacarpals. <\/li><li>They generate <strong>flexion-extension<\/strong> movements of the fingers and <strong>abduction<\/strong> of the index, middle, and ring fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>The <strong>palmar interossei<\/strong> are found on the anterior aspect of the hand. <ul><li>They consist of <strong>3<\/strong> <strong>unipennate<\/strong> interosseous muscles originating from the metacarpals and inserting into the proximal phalanx associated with the digit. <\/li><li>They generate <strong>flexion-extension<\/strong> movements of the fingers and <strong>adduction <\/strong>of the digits towards the middle finger.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Movements<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Collectively, the interossei adduct and abduct the digit in relation to the long axis of the hand (middle finger), and contribute to the flexion-extension movements, known as the &#8220;Z-movements&#8221;.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The flexion occurs at the metacarpophalangeal joints, while the extension occurs at the interphalangeal joints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A helpful mnemonic that makes it easy to remember is PAD-DAB:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>P<\/strong>almar <strong>ad<\/strong>duct (PAD)<\/li><li><strong>D<\/strong>orsal <strong>ab<\/strong>duct (DAB)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Innervation<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All the interossei are innervated by the deep branch of the <strong>ulnar nerve<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Adductor compartment<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>adductor pollicis<\/strong> is a large triangular muscle located anteriorly to the interosseous muscles. It originates as 2 heads:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>A <strong>transverse head <\/strong>from the anterior aspect of the shaft of the 3rd metacarpal<\/li><li>An <strong>oblique head <\/strong>from the capitate bone and the bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both heads converge to form a single tendon, which then inserts into the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb and the extensor hood. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The radial artery passes anteriorly and medially between the two heads of adductor pollicis and enters the deep plane of the palm. <\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Innervation<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adductor pollicis is innervated by the <strong>deep branch<\/strong> of the <strong>ulnar nerve<\/strong>. It is a powerful <strong>adductor<\/strong> of the thumb and contributes to <strong>thumb opposition<\/strong> during gripping.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_8\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Thenar compartment<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_8\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>thenar muscles <\/strong>are a group of 3 short muscles located at the base of the thumb. They consist of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Opponens pollicis<\/strong> is the largest of the thenar muscles. <ul><li>It lies deep to the other two thenar muscles. <\/li><li>It originates from the tubercle of the trapezium and the flexor retinaculum and inserts along the lateral palmar surface of the 1st metacarpal. <\/li><li>It acts to rotate and flex the 1st metacarpal on the trapezium.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Flexor pollicis brevis <\/strong>is found distally to the abductor pollicis brevis. <ul><li>It originates mainly from the flexor retinaculum and the tubercle of the trapezium, but may also have attachments to deeper carpal bones. <\/li><li>It inserts into the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Its tendon often contains a sesamoid bone. <\/li><li>It acts to flex the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Abductor pollicis brevis <\/strong>is the most anterior and proximal muscle of the three. <ul><li>It originates from the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium bones and the flexor retinaculum. <\/li><li>It inserts into the lateral aspect of the proximal phalanx of the thumb and into the extensor hood. <\/li><li>It acts to abduct the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Collectively, the thenar muscles are responsible for the fine movements and opposition of the thumb. Their muscle bellies produce a visible bulge known as the <strong>thenar eminence. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_9\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Innervation<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_9\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The thenar muscles are all innervated by the <strong>recurrent branch of the median nerve<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Hypothenar compartment<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_10\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similar to the thenar muscles, the <strong>hypothenar muscle<\/strong> group consists of 3 muscles found on the medial side of the palm, at the base of the 5th metacarpal.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Abductor digiti minimi <\/strong>is the most superficial of the hypothenar muscles, overlying the opponens digiti minimi. <ul><li>It originates from the pisiform bone and inserts into the medial aspect of the 5th proximal phalanx and the extensor hood. <\/li><li>It acts as the principal abductor of the little finger.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Flexor digiti minimi brevis <\/strong>lies laterally to abductor digiti minimi. <ul><li>It originates from the hook of the hamate bone and the flexor retinaculum, and inserts into the medial aspect of the 5th proximal phalanx and the extensor hood, with the abductor digiti minimi. <\/li><li>It flexes the metacarpophalangeal joint of the little finger.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Opponens digiti minimi <\/strong>is the deepest of the hypothenar muscles. <ul><li>It originates from the hook of the hamate bone and the flexor retinaculum and inserts into the medial palmar surface of the 5th metacarpal. <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>It acts to rotate the 5th metacarpal towards the palm and weakly contributes to the opposition of the little finger. <\/li><li>Opponens digiti minimi is penetrated by the deep branches of the ulnar nerve and artery.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The muscles contribute to the <strong>hypothenar eminence<\/strong> at the base of the little finger.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_11\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Innervation<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_11\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unlike the thenar group, they are all innervated by the <strong>deep branch<\/strong> of the <strong>ulnar nerve<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_12\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Central compartment<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_12\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The central compartment houses the<strong> lumbrical muscle group<\/strong>, which consists of 4 muscles, each associated with a digit.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They originate from the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus and pass dorsally around the lateral side of each digit to insert into the dorsal digital expansion, linking the extensor and flexor tendons together. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The lumbricals contribute to the <strong>flexion<\/strong> of the metacarpophalangeal joints and <strong>extension<\/strong> of interphalangeal joints.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The 1st and 2nd lumbricals are <strong>unipennate<\/strong> and are associated with the index and middle fingers respectively. They are innervated by the <strong>digital branch<\/strong> of the <strong>median<\/strong> <strong>nerve<\/strong>.<\/li><li>The 3rd and 4th lumbricals are <strong>bipennate <\/strong>and are associated with the ring and little fingers respectively. They are innervated by the <strong>deep<\/strong> <strong>branch<\/strong> of the <strong>ulnar<\/strong> <strong>nerve<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_13\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Palmaris brevis<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_13\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>palmaris brevis<\/strong> is a small, quadrangular-shaped muscle that overlies the hypothenar muscles, ulnar artery, and the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve. It is found in the subcutaneous tissue of the hypothenar eminence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It originates from the palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum and inserts into the dermis of the medial margin of the hand. <\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_14\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Innervation<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_14\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The palmaris brevis muscle is innervated by the <strong>superficial branch <\/strong>of the <strong>ulnar nerve <\/strong>and contributes to gripping movement.&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"515\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-dissection-1024x515.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3780\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-dissection-1024x515.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-dissection-300x151.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-dissection-768x386.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-dissection-1536x773.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-dissection-2048x1030.png 2048w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-dissection.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><strong>Dissection of the hand<\/strong> (Credit: Amada44, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Description<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Compartments<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Interosseous compartment<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Movements<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Innervation<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adductor compartment<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Innervation<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Thenar compartment<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Innervation<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hypothenar compartment<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Innervation<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Central compartment<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Palmaris brevis<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Innervation<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Description The muscles of the hand can be classified into extrinsic and intrinsic muscle groups. The extrinsic muscles are found in the forearm, providing the entire hand with movement, while the intrinsic muscles are a collection muscles arranged in 5 compartments, originating and inserting in the hand. They are important for fine motor and precision [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3468,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3775","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Muscles of the hand &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/upper-limb\/hand\/muscles-of-the-hand\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/upper-limb\\\/hand\\\/muscles-of-the-hand\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/upper-limb\\\/hand\\\/muscles-of-the-hand\\\/\",\"name\":\"Muscles of the hand &#8211; Meddists\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/upper-limb\\\/hand\\\/muscles-of-the-hand\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/upper-limb\\\/hand\\\/muscles-of-the-hand\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/hand-muscles-1024x999.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-11T08:53:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-01-30T21:27:42+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/upper-limb\\\/hand\\\/muscles-of-the-hand\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/upper-limb\\\/hand\\\/muscles-of-the-hand\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/upper-limb\\\/hand\\\/muscles-of-the-hand\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/hand-muscles.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/hand-muscles.png\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1562,\"caption\":\"Figure 1. 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