{"id":3709,"date":"2021-01-10T00:32:06","date_gmt":"2021-01-09T23:32:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/upper-limb\/hand\/joints-of-the-hand\/"},"modified":"2021-03-16T18:41:28","modified_gmt":"2021-03-16T17:41:28","slug":"joints-of-the-hand","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/upper-limb\/hand\/joints-of-the-hand\/","title":{"rendered":"Joints of the hand"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">The joints of the hand connect between its bones, allowing it to perform complex movements. There are five types of joints, connecting the different bone segments.<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Description<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The different groups of joints in the hand connect between the separate bone segments:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The <strong>wrist joint<\/strong> connects between the radius and ulna, and the proximal carpal bones<\/li><li>The <strong>carpal joints<\/strong> connect between the carpal bones<\/li><li>The <strong>carpometacarpal joints<\/strong> connect between the distal carpal and the metacarpal bones<\/li><li>The <strong>metacarpophalangeal joints<\/strong> connect between the metacarpal and proximal phalangeal bones<\/li><li>The <strong>interphalangeal joints<\/strong> connect between the phalangeal bones.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Wrist joint<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The wrist joint is a <strong>condyloid type<\/strong> of synovial joint. It is formed by the articulation between the distal end of the <strong>radius, an articulating disc over the distal end of the ulna<\/strong>, and the proximal row of carpal bones \u2013 <strong>scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Structure<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The wrist joint is enclosed by a <strong>joint capsule<\/strong>, which consists of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Fibrous layer<\/strong> \u2013 the external layer of the capsule<\/li><li><strong>Synovial membrane<\/strong> \u2013 the internal layer of the capsule<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>ligaments<\/strong> reinforcing the wrist joint are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Palmar radiocarpal ligament<\/strong> \u2013 stretches from the radius to the two rows of carpal bones<\/li><li><strong>Dorsal radiocarpal ligament<\/strong> \u2013 follows the same path as the palmar radiocarpal ligament but on the dorsal surface of the hand<\/li><li><strong>Ulnar collateral ligament<\/strong> \u2013 strengthens the joint medially and stretches from the styloid process of the ulna to the triquetrum<\/li><li><strong>Radial collateral ligament<\/strong> \u2013 reinforces the joint laterally and stretches from the radial styloid process to the scaphoid<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Movement<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The wrist joint allows <strong>abduction, adduction, flexion and extension<\/strong> of the hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The radial styloid process is more distally projected <\/strong>than the ulnar styloid process, therefore <strong>abduction of the hand is more restricted<\/strong>, compared to adduction.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Muscles<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The muscles involved in movements of the hand at the wrist joint are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, and abductor pollicis longus muscle perform flexion of the hand<\/li><li>The Extensor carpi radialis longus, Extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris muscles perform extension of the hand<\/li><li>The Abductor pollicis longus, FCU, ECRL, and ECRB perform abduction of the hand<\/li><li>The ECU and FCU perform adduction of the hand<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Carpal joints<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The carpal joint are <strong>plane type<\/strong> of synovial joints, connecting the carpal bones to one another in the following manner:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Joints between the proximal row of carpal bones<\/li><li>Joints between the distal row of carpal bones<\/li><li>Midcarpal joint, connecting the two rows of carpal bones<\/li><li>Pisotriquetral joint, the articulation between the pisiform and triquetrum<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Structure<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The carpal joints <strong>share a common articular cavity and joint capsule<\/strong>, which consists of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Fibrous layer<\/strong> \u2013the external layer of the joint capsule<\/li><li><strong>Synovial membrane<\/strong> \u2013 lines the fibrous layer internally<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The carpal joints are reinforced by <strong>anterior, posterior and interosseous ligaments<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_8\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Movement<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_8\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The carpal joints are <strong>limited in movement<\/strong>, however they contribute and augment the movements at the wrist joint. <strong>The proximal row of carpals is more mobile<\/strong> than the distal row.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_9\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Carpometacarpal joints<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_9\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The CMC joints are <strong>plane type<\/strong> of synovial joints, <strong>with the exception of the CMC joint of the thumb, which is a saddle joint<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_10\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Structure<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_10\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The first metacarpal articulates with the trapezium<\/strong> to form the CMC joint of the thumb and has a separate articular cavity. The rest of the metacarpals articulate with the distal row of carpal bones and <strong>share a common articular cavity and joint capsule<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>ligaments<\/strong> reinforcing the CMC joints are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Palmar and dorsal CMC ligaments<\/li><li>Intermetacarpal ligaments<\/li><li>Interosseous intermetacarpal ligaments<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_11\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Movement<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_11\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>CMC joint of the thumb<\/strong> exhibits the widest range of motion, and <strong>allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction <\/strong>of the thumb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The rest of the CMC joints<\/strong> are much more restricted in movement and only allow<strong> limited gliding movements<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_12\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Metacarpophalangeal joints<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_12\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The metacarpophalangeal joints are <strong>condyloid type<\/strong> of synovial joints, formed between the distal heads of the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_13\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Structure<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_13\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each metacarpophalangeal joint is <strong>enclosed by a joint capsule<\/strong>, consisting of an internal synovial membrane and an external fibrous layer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>ligaments<\/strong> reinforcing each joint are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Collateral ligaments<\/strong> \u2013 located on the medial and lateral aspects of each joint<\/li><li><strong>Palmar ligaments<\/strong> \u2013 reinforce the palmar aspect of each joint<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>deep transverse ligaments<\/strong> are strong fibrous bands stretched between the metacarpophalangeal joints, except for the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb. These structures <strong>limit the range of movement <\/strong>of the associated joints and <strong>provide important structural support<\/strong> to the fingers.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_14\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Movement<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_14\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The carpometacarpal joints allow <strong>flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and limited range of rotation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_15\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Interphalangeal joints<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_15\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The interphalangeal joints are <strong>hinge type<\/strong> of synovial joints, formed by the articulations between the heads of the proximal phalanges and the bases of the more distal phalanges.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_16\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Structure<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_16\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each joint is enclosed by <strong>a joint capsule<\/strong>, consisting of an internal synovial membrane and an external fibrous layer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>ligaments<\/strong> reinforcing each interphalangeal joint are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Medial and lateral <strong>collateral ligaments<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Palmar ligaments<\/strong>, reinforcing the palmar aspect of each joint<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_17\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Movement<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_17\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The interphalangeal joints allow <strong>flexion and extension<\/strong> exclusively.<\/p>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Description<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wrist joint<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structure<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Movement<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Muscles<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Carpal joints<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structure<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Movement<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Carpometacarpal joints<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structure<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Movement<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Metacarpophalangeal joints<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structure<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Movement<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Interphalangeal joints<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structure<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Movement<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Description The different groups of joints in the hand connect between the separate bone segments: The wrist joint connects between the radius and ulna, and the proximal carpal bones The carpal joints connect between the carpal bones The carpometacarpal joints connect between the distal carpal and the metacarpal bones The metacarpophalangeal joints connect between the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3468,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3709","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Joints of the hand &#8211; 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