\n\n\n\n
Regions<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\nThe regions of the hand include the palm<\/strong> and the dorsum of the hand<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\nBones<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\nThe bony hand consists of 27 bones that can be divided into three groups: carpal<\/strong>, metacarpal<\/strong>, and phalangeal bones<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\nOnly the 8 carpal bones have a unique name, and they are further divided into a proximal and distal row, with 4 bones in each row:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- The proximal row\u00a0consists of the\u00a0scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0pisiform bones\u00a0<\/strong>(from lateral to medial).<\/li>
- The distal row consists of the\u00a0trapezium, trapezoid, capitate,<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0hamate bones.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/hand-bones.png\")
<\/a>FIgure 1. Bones of the hand (Credit: OpenStax, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span>\nMuscles<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\nThe muscles of the hand are divided into extrinsic muscles<\/strong> (those located in the forearm, capable of moving the entire hand and produce flexion and extension of the fingers), and intrinsic muscles<\/strong> (those located in the hand itself, capable of producing fine movements of the fingers).<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhen we refer to the “muscles of the hand”, we generally refer to the intrinsic muscles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The (intrinsic) muscles of the hand are a collection of muscles arranged in 5 compartments, originating and inserting in the hand. They are important for fine motor and precision movements of the fingers and the thumb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Interosseous compartment<\/strong>, containing the dorsal and palmar interossei muscles<\/li>
- Adductor compartment<\/strong>, containing the adductor pollicis muscle<\/strong><\/li>
- Thenar compartment<\/strong>, containing the thenar muscles (opponens pollicis<\/strong>, flexor pollicis brevis<\/strong>, and abductor pollicis brevis<\/strong>)<\/li>
- Hypothenar compartment<\/strong>, containing the hypothenar muscles (abductor digiti minimi<\/strong>, flexor digiti minimi brevis<\/strong>, and opponens digiti minimi brevis<\/strong>) <\/li>
- Central compartment<\/strong>, containing the lumbrical muscles<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Joints<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\nThe joints of the hand include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- The\u00a0wrist joint<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the radius and ulna, and the proximal carpal bones<\/li>
- The\u00a0carpal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the carpal bones<\/li>
- The\u00a0carpometacarpal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the distal carpal and the metacarpal bones<\/li>
- The\u00a0metacarpophalangeal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the metacarpal and proximal phalangeal bones<\/li>
- The\u00a0interphalangeal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the phalangeal bones.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Neurovasculature<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- The blood vessels supplying the hand are the\u00a0ulnar <\/strong>and radial arteries<\/strong>.<\/li>
- Deep veins drain into the ulnar <\/strong>and radial veins<\/strong>, while superficial veins form a venous plexus that drains on the lateral side of the hand to the\u00a0cephalic vein<\/strong>, and on the medial side to the\u00a0basilic vein<\/strong>.<\/li>
- The nerves supplying the hand are the ulnar<\/strong>, radial, <\/strong>and median nerves<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span>
Bones<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\nThe bony hand consists of 27 bones that can be divided into three groups: carpal<\/strong>, metacarpal<\/strong>, and phalangeal bones<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\nOnly the 8 carpal bones have a unique name, and they are further divided into a proximal and distal row, with 4 bones in each row:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- The proximal row\u00a0consists of the\u00a0scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0pisiform bones\u00a0<\/strong>(from lateral to medial).<\/li>
- The distal row consists of the\u00a0trapezium, trapezoid, capitate,<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0hamate bones.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>FIgure 1. Bones of the hand (Credit: OpenStax, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span>\nMuscles<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\nThe muscles of the hand are divided into extrinsic muscles<\/strong> (those located in the forearm, capable of moving the entire hand and produce flexion and extension of the fingers), and intrinsic muscles<\/strong> (those located in the hand itself, capable of producing fine movements of the fingers).<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhen we refer to the “muscles of the hand”, we generally refer to the intrinsic muscles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The (intrinsic) muscles of the hand are a collection of muscles arranged in 5 compartments, originating and inserting in the hand. They are important for fine motor and precision movements of the fingers and the thumb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Interosseous compartment<\/strong>, containing the dorsal and palmar interossei muscles<\/li>
- Adductor compartment<\/strong>, containing the adductor pollicis muscle<\/strong><\/li>
- Thenar compartment<\/strong>, containing the thenar muscles (opponens pollicis<\/strong>, flexor pollicis brevis<\/strong>, and abductor pollicis brevis<\/strong>)<\/li>
- Hypothenar compartment<\/strong>, containing the hypothenar muscles (abductor digiti minimi<\/strong>, flexor digiti minimi brevis<\/strong>, and opponens digiti minimi brevis<\/strong>) <\/li>
- Central compartment<\/strong>, containing the lumbrical muscles<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Joints<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\nThe joints of the hand include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- The\u00a0wrist joint<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the radius and ulna, and the proximal carpal bones<\/li>
- The\u00a0carpal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the carpal bones<\/li>
- The\u00a0carpometacarpal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the distal carpal and the metacarpal bones<\/li>
- The\u00a0metacarpophalangeal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the metacarpal and proximal phalangeal bones<\/li>
- The\u00a0interphalangeal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the phalangeal bones.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Neurovasculature<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- The blood vessels supplying the hand are the\u00a0ulnar <\/strong>and radial arteries<\/strong>.<\/li>
- Deep veins drain into the ulnar <\/strong>and radial veins<\/strong>, while superficial veins form a venous plexus that drains on the lateral side of the hand to the\u00a0cephalic vein<\/strong>, and on the medial side to the\u00a0basilic vein<\/strong>.<\/li>
- The nerves supplying the hand are the ulnar<\/strong>, radial, <\/strong>and median nerves<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span>
Only the 8 carpal bones have a unique name, and they are further divided into a proximal and distal row, with 4 bones in each row:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- The proximal row\u00a0consists of the\u00a0scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0pisiform bones\u00a0<\/strong>(from lateral to medial).<\/li>
- The distal row consists of the\u00a0trapezium, trapezoid, capitate,<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0hamate bones.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>FIgure 1. Bones of the hand (Credit: OpenStax, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span>\n Muscles<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
The muscles of the hand are divided into extrinsic muscles<\/strong> (those located in the forearm, capable of moving the entire hand and produce flexion and extension of the fingers), and intrinsic muscles<\/strong> (those located in the hand itself, capable of producing fine movements of the fingers).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When we refer to the “muscles of the hand”, we generally refer to the intrinsic muscles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The (intrinsic) muscles of the hand are a collection of muscles arranged in 5 compartments, originating and inserting in the hand. They are important for fine motor and precision movements of the fingers and the thumb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Interosseous compartment<\/strong>, containing the dorsal and palmar interossei muscles<\/li>
- Adductor compartment<\/strong>, containing the adductor pollicis muscle<\/strong><\/li>
- Thenar compartment<\/strong>, containing the thenar muscles (opponens pollicis<\/strong>, flexor pollicis brevis<\/strong>, and abductor pollicis brevis<\/strong>)<\/li>
- Hypothenar compartment<\/strong>, containing the hypothenar muscles (abductor digiti minimi<\/strong>, flexor digiti minimi brevis<\/strong>, and opponens digiti minimi brevis<\/strong>) <\/li>
- Central compartment<\/strong>, containing the lumbrical muscles<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Joints<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
The joints of the hand include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- The\u00a0wrist joint<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the radius and ulna, and the proximal carpal bones<\/li>
- The\u00a0carpal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the carpal bones<\/li>
- The\u00a0carpometacarpal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the distal carpal and the metacarpal bones<\/li>
- The\u00a0metacarpophalangeal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the metacarpal and proximal phalangeal bones<\/li>
- The\u00a0interphalangeal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the phalangeal bones.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Neurovasculature<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
- The blood vessels supplying the hand are the\u00a0ulnar <\/strong>and radial arteries<\/strong>.<\/li>
- Deep veins drain into the ulnar <\/strong>and radial veins<\/strong>, while superficial veins form a venous plexus that drains on the lateral side of the hand to the\u00a0cephalic vein<\/strong>, and on the medial side to the\u00a0basilic vein<\/strong>.<\/li>
- The nerves supplying the hand are the ulnar<\/strong>, radial, <\/strong>and median nerves<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span>
- Deep veins drain into the ulnar <\/strong>and radial veins<\/strong>, while superficial veins form a venous plexus that drains on the lateral side of the hand to the\u00a0cephalic vein<\/strong>, and on the medial side to the\u00a0basilic vein<\/strong>.<\/li>
- The\u00a0carpal joints<\/strong>,\u00a0connecting between the carpal bones<\/li>
- Adductor compartment<\/strong>, containing the adductor pollicis muscle<\/strong><\/li>
- The distal row consists of the\u00a0trapezium, trapezoid, capitate,<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0hamate bones.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n