{"id":2396,"date":"2020-09-21T13:24:23","date_gmt":"2020-09-21T11:24:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/cell-proliferation-and-apoptosis\/biochemical-pathways-leading-to-apoptosis\/"},"modified":"2020-09-21T13:26:17","modified_gmt":"2020-09-21T11:26:17","slug":"biochemical-pathways-leading-to-apoptosis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-tissues\/cell-proliferation-and-apoptosis\/biochemical-pathways-leading-to-apoptosis\/","title":{"rendered":"Biochemical pathways leading to apoptosis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Biochemical interpretation of apoptosis<\/strong><br>Natural cell death is an ongoing process in living tissues to smoothly remove cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>that have no function (eg, morphogenesis, duplicate structures, sexual dimorphism)<\/li><li>underneath physiological conditions (bone marrow), underdevelop (lymphocytes), endometrium, turnover) or<\/li><li>potentially damage (autoreactive T cells, neutrophils, granulocytes).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Programmed cell death<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>is a common phenomenon during embryogenesis<\/li><li>During cornification, keratinocytes die and within 1 month the str. from basal in str. migrate to the corneum.<\/li><li>The str. in spinosum, they lose their water content, grow in size, flatten and unable to reproduce, keratins appear in them and form filaments.<\/li><li>The str. in granulosum, they are further encapsulated with phylphagrin and converted to macrofibrils, eliminating the nucleus and mitochondria.<\/li><li>the nucleus is condensed, fragmented, cytoplasm shrinks, cell fragmentation, organelles remain intact, no macromolecular efflux, inflammation, scar formation, does not require active protein synthesis.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Apoptosis inducers of apoptosis:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>ligands for cell surface receptors (Fas, TNF, antigen EXTRACELLULAR SIGNALS)<\/li><li>the nuclear receptor (glucocorticoids, retinoic acid, p53 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALS)<\/li><li>physiological effects, e.g. UV, X-ray, hypoxia<\/li><li>lack of survival factor and their reduction<\/li><li>nuclear elimination<\/li><li>DNA degradation by endonucleases<\/li><li>activation of proteases caspases<\/li><li>activation of protein cross-linking transglutaminases<\/li><li>retention of macromolecules<\/li><li>phagocytosis<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Caspases<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>are a group of proteases (cysteine \u200b\u200bactive centre, cleaved by aspartate)<\/li><li>play an important role in apoptosis<\/li><li>Granzymes are serine proteases that initiate apoptosis from cytotoxic T cells<\/li><li>Caspases are expressed as proenzymes, activated by caspases, after which their small and large units form a heterodimer, and two heterodimers form a tetramer<\/li><li>There are about 14 caspases (important for processing cytokines 1,4,5,11,12,14)<\/li><li>initiator caspases (2,8,9,10) have a long prodomain, e.g. cell death with an effector domain or a caspase activating domain are able to activate themselves by cofactor.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Activation-induced T cell death<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Activated T cells can be stimulated through their receptor with antibodies or MHC-bound antigens and die<\/li><li>Activation leads to increased levels of the CD95 receptor and Fas ligand, which can kill the cell<\/li><li>Self-defence may be when a cell expresses a death ligand because it kills the killer cells due to their death receptor<\/li><li>In the mitochondrial pathway, cytochrome c exiting the mitochondria initiates the death pathway, whereas in the nuclear pathway, p53 does so<\/li><li>On the outer signal: the ligand binds to a TNF receptor, binds to caspase-8 by adapter proteins<\/li><li>activates caspase-3, and cleaves a member of the Bcl-2 family, Bid, which activates the mitochondrial pathway<\/li><li>Upon delivery of cytochrome c in the presence of ATP, it forms a complex with apoptosis activating factor and caspase 9, another effector K, AIF and endonucleases (inhibitor decomposes, ICAD) exert their activity in the nucleus and SMAC \/ DIABLO inhibitors<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>BCL2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>is the main cell rescues<\/li><li>inhibiting apoptosis<\/li><li>it is oncogenic (in its family there are traitors such as bad, bid and bim, the three sluts, and of course the cougar who bucks the buck).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Phagocytes detect apoptotic cells based on signs such as phosphatidylserine remaining or changes in glycolysis. Bridging\/docking molecules (complement system), thrombospondin, also play a role. The phosphatidylserine and integrin receptors are apoptotic cellular receptors. There is increased apoptosis in AIDS, (non) ischemic cardiopathies, brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (retina, Parkinson\u2019s, Alzheimer\u2019s, etc.). There is reduced apoptosis in developmental disorders, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, scarring, viral infections (Epstein-Barr), carcinogenesis.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-embed-handler\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/youtube.com\/watch?v=DR80Huxp4y8%3Ffeature%3Doembed%26wmode%3Dopaque\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Biochemical interpretation of apoptosisNatural cell death is an ongoing process in living tissues to smoothly remove cells that have no function (eg, morphogenesis, duplicate structures, sexual dimorphism) underneath physiological conditions (bone marrow), underdevelop (lymphocytes), endometrium, turnover) or potentially damage (autoreactive T cells, neutrophils, granulocytes). Programmed cell death is a common phenomenon during embryogenesis During cornification, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2333,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2396","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Biochemical pathways leading to apoptosis &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-tissues\/cell-proliferation-and-apoptosis\/biochemical-pathways-leading-to-apoptosis\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-tissues\\\/cell-proliferation-and-apoptosis\\\/biochemical-pathways-leading-to-apoptosis\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-tissues\\\/cell-proliferation-and-apoptosis\\\/biochemical-pathways-leading-to-apoptosis\\\/\",\"name\":\"Biochemical pathways leading to apoptosis &#8211; 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