{"id":2363,"date":"2020-09-21T13:00:35","date_gmt":"2020-09-21T11:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/gene-expression\/regulation-of-gene-expression-methylation-epigenetic-signals\/"},"modified":"2022-01-27T07:40:26","modified_gmt":"2022-01-27T05:40:26","slug":"regulation-of-gene-expression-methylation-epigenetic-signals","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-tissues\/gene-expression\/regulation-of-gene-expression-methylation-epigenetic-signals\/","title":{"rendered":"Regulation of Gene Expression (methylation, epigenetic signals)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\"> Definitions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Methylation:\u00a0<\/strong>a process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule <\/div><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\"><strong>Features<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>can change the activity of a DNA region without changing the sequence<\/li><li>in the promoter, DNA methylation represses gene transcription<\/li><li>cytosine and adenine can be methylated mostly<\/li><li>GC- and CpG-rich sequences called CpG islands<\/li><li>CpG island is methylated in higher ratios, caused by the&nbsp; high cytosine content<\/li><li>50% of CpG islands are located in gene promoter regions<\/li><li>DNA methylation is the most stable (heritable) epigenetic mark<\/li><li>Transcription activation: H3K4, H3K36<\/li><li>Transcription repression: H3K9, H3K27<\/li><li>methylation: HKMT (histone lysine methyltransferase)<\/li><li>demethylation: LSD (lysine-specific histone demethylase)<\/li><li>DNA methylation pattern is propagated to daughter cells by the maintenance DNA methyltransferase DNMT1<\/li><li>DNA methylation is a heritable epigenetic mark<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\"><strong>Epigenetics<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Trans epigenetic signals (yellow orbs) are transmitted by partitioning of the cytosol during cell division and maintained by feedback loops<\/li><li>Cissignals (yellow triangles) are molecular signatures physically associated with the DNA and inherited via chromosome segregation during cell division<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/episignals.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Regulation of Gene Expression (methylation, epigenetic signals)\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/episignals-1024x619.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3191\" width=\"768\" height=\"464\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/episignals-1024x619.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/episignals-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/episignals-768x464.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/episignals.png 1390w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 1. Epigenetic signals<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Snider MDS. Devlin\u2019s Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, the 8th Edition. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Incorporated, 2020; 2019.<\/li><li>R. Ferrier D. Biochemistry. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2013.<\/li><li>Histone modifications<\/li><li>Bonasio, R., Tu, S., &amp; Reinberg, D. (2010). Molecular signals of epigenetic states. science, 330(6004), 612-616.<\/li><\/ol>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Features<\/strong><\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Epigenetics<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Features can change the activity of a DNA region without changing the sequence in the promoter, DNA methylation represses gene transcription cytosine and adenine can be methylated mostly GC- and CpG-rich sequences called CpG islands CpG island is methylated in higher ratios, caused by the&nbsp; high cytosine content 50% of CpG islands are located in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2331,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2363","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Regulation of Gene Expression (methylation, epigenetic signals) &#8211; 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