{"id":2361,"date":"2020-09-21T13:00:34","date_gmt":"2020-09-21T11:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/gene-expression\/regulation-of-gene-expression-micro-rnas\/"},"modified":"2022-01-23T00:21:42","modified_gmt":"2022-01-22T22:21:42","slug":"regulation-of-gene-expression-micro-rnas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-tissues\/gene-expression\/regulation-of-gene-expression-micro-rnas\/","title":{"rendered":"Regulation of Gene Expression (micro RNAs)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Definitions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Central dogma:<\/strong>\u00a0The process of DNA -> RNA -> PROTEIN<\/li><li><strong>Transcription:<\/strong>\u00a0copying the information from DNA into mRNA (messenger RNA)<\/li><li><strong>Processing:<\/strong>\u00a0removal of extra nucleotides, post-transcriptional modification, stabilizing the RNA transcript<\/li><li><strong>Micro RNA (miRNA):<\/strong>\u00a0a small non-coding RNA molecule with 10-22 nucleotides,\u00a0 functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of the gene expression <\/div><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\"><strong>Requirement steps -microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Chromatin change into the active form (Eukaryotic genome organization in general (definitions))<\/li><li>Transcription factor binds to the opened sequence\u2019s promoter region<\/li><li>Control elements bind to the sequence of the current gene (enhancers, silencers, special transcriptional factors)<\/li><li><strong>Activation of RNA polymerase II<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Transcription \u2013 production of the primary-PRE-miRNA<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>pre-miRNA hairpins are exported to the cytoplasm<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Processed into double-stranded miRNAs by Dicer<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Guide strands in the duplex are incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Transport to the cytosol<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>miRNA dependent gene silencing<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/mirna.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Regulation of Gene Expression (micro RNAs)\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/mirna-1024x556.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10229\" width=\"768\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/mirna-1024x556.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/mirna-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/mirna-768x417.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/mirna-1536x834.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/mirna-2048x1112.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 1. Micro RNA maturation and biosynthesis<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\"><strong>Transcription<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>miRNA genes are&nbsp; transcribed by RNA polymerase II or III<\/li><li>polymerase binds to a promoter, encoding the hairpin loop of the pre-miRNA<\/li><li>hairpin loop structures are composed of about 70 nucleotides<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\"><strong>Cleavage<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>the transcript is capped with a specially modified nucleotide at the 5\u2032 end<\/li><li>the transcript is polyadenylated with multiple adenosines (a poly(A) tail)<\/li><li>the transcript is cleaved by DROSHA enzyme<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\"><strong>Transport<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The PRE-microRNA is transported to the cytoplasm for further modification by Exportin<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\"><strong>Cleavage<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>the pre-miRNA hairpin is cleaved by the RNase III enzyme DICER<\/li><li>the RNA duplex could act as a functional miRNA, but only one strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Regulation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The mature miRNA is part of the RISC containing DICER and many associated proteins<\/li><li>Gene silencing occurs via mRNA degradation or preventing mRNA from being translated<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Types of RNAs in silencing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Short (small) interfering RNA (siRNA)<\/li><li>microRNA (miRNA)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key terms<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Primary transcript<\/li><li>RNA<\/li><li>mRNA<\/li><li>miRNA<\/li><li>siRNA<\/li><li>DICER<\/li><li>DROSHA<\/li><li>Silencing<\/li><li>INTRON<\/li><li>Silencer<\/li><li>Regulation<\/li><li>Short DNA regions<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Snider MDS. Devlin\u2019s Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, the 8th Edition. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Incorporated, 2020; 2019.<\/li><li>R. Ferrier D. Biochemistry. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2013.<\/li><li>Histone modifications<\/li><li>Bonasio, R., Tu, S., &amp; Reinberg, D. (2010). Molecular signals of epigenetic states. science, 330(6004), 612-616.<\/li><\/ol>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Requirement steps -microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis<\/strong><\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Transcription<\/strong><\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cleavage<\/strong><\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Transport<\/strong><\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cleavage<\/strong><\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Requirement steps -microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis Chromatin change into the active form (Eukaryotic genome organization in general (definitions)) Transcription factor binds to the opened sequence\u2019s promoter region Control elements bind to the sequence of the current gene (enhancers, silencers, special transcriptional factors) Activation of RNA polymerase II Transcription \u2013 production of the primary-PRE-miRNA pre-miRNA hairpins are [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2331,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2361","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Regulation of Gene Expression (micro RNAs) &#8211; 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