{"id":2360,"date":"2020-09-21T13:00:33","date_gmt":"2020-09-21T11:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/gene-expression\/regulation-of-gene-expression-enhancers-silencers\/"},"modified":"2022-01-23T00:14:44","modified_gmt":"2022-01-22T22:14:44","slug":"regulation-of-gene-expression-enhancers-silencers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-tissues\/gene-expression\/regulation-of-gene-expression-enhancers-silencers\/","title":{"rendered":"Regulation of Gene Expression (enhancers, silencers)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\"><\/p>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Definitions<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Central dogma:<\/strong>\u00a0The process of DNA -> RNA -> PROTEIN<\/li><li><strong>Transcription:<\/strong>\u00a0Copying the information from DNA into mRNA (messenger RNA).<\/li><li><strong>Enhancer:\u00a0<\/strong>A short (50\u20131500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the transcription.<\/li><li><strong>Silencer:\u00a0<\/strong>A sequence-specific element that induces a negative effect on the transcription of its particular gene. <\/div><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Required steps<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Chromatin change into the active form (Eukaryotic genome organization in general (definitions))<\/li><li>Transcription factor binds to the opened sequence\u2019s promoter region<\/li><li><strong>Control elements bind to the sequence of the current gene (enhancers, silencers, special transcriptional factors)<\/strong><\/li><li>Activation of RNA polymerase II<\/li><li>Transcription \u2013 production of mRNA (messenger RNA)<\/li><li>Removal of introns<\/li><li>Capping<\/li><li>Poly-AAA tailing<\/li><li>Transport to the cytosol<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Processes<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>DNA looping<\/li><li>Enhancement \/ Silencing<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">DNA Looping<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DNA will form a loop to bring the enhancer\/ silencer closer to the promoter (Figure 1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/enhances.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Regulation of Gene Expression (enhancers, silencers)\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/enhances-1024x506.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/enhances-1024x506.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/enhances-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/enhances-768x380.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/enhances.png 1372w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 1. DNA Looping<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Features of enhancers and silencers<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"pure-table\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Enhancer<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Silencer<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A short (50\u20131500 bp) region of DNA<\/td><td>A short (50\u20131500 bp) region of DNA<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Can be positioned 5\u2019 or 3\u2019 from the transcription start site of the gene<\/td><td>The most common position is found upstream of the target gene where it can help repress the transcription of the gene<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Acts together with the promoter to regulate gene expression<\/td><td>Acts together with the promoter to regulate gene expression<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Acts over long distances (&gt; 10000 bp)<\/td><td>Acts over long distances (&gt; 10000 bp)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Key terms<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Primary transcript<\/li><li>Enhancer<\/li><li>Silencer<\/li><li>Regulation<\/li><li>DNA looping<\/li><li>Short DNA regions<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\" class=\"title_collection title1\">References<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Snider MDS. Devlin\u2019s&nbsp;<strong>Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations<\/strong>, the 8th Edition. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Incorporated, 2020; 2019.<\/p>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Definitions<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Required steps<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Processes<\/h3><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">DNA Looping<\/h2><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Features of enhancers and silencers<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key terms<\/h4><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\">References<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Required steps Chromatin change into the active form (Eukaryotic genome organization in general (definitions)) Transcription factor binds to the opened sequence\u2019s promoter region Control elements bind to the sequence of the current gene (enhancers, silencers, special transcriptional factors) Activation of RNA polymerase II Transcription \u2013 production of mRNA (messenger RNA) Removal of introns Capping Poly-AAA [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2331,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2360","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Regulation of Gene Expression (enhancers, silencers) &#8211; 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