{"id":2358,"date":"2020-09-21T13:00:32","date_gmt":"2020-09-21T11:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/gene-expression\/transcription-in-eukaryotes\/"},"modified":"2022-04-25T22:04:17","modified_gmt":"2022-04-25T20:04:17","slug":"transcription-in-eukaryotes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-tissues\/gene-expression\/transcription-in-eukaryotes\/","title":{"rendered":"Transcription in Eukaryotes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\"><strong>Definitions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Central dogma:<\/strong>&nbsp;DNA \u2013 RNA \u2013 PROTEIN<\/li><li><strong>Transcription:<\/strong>&nbsp;copying the information from DNA into mRNA (messenger RNA)<\/li><li>Involving 3 major phases: <strong>Initiation, elongation and termination<\/strong> <\/div><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\"><strong>Required steps<\/strong><\/h1>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>chromatin change into the active form (<a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-tissues\/gene-expression\/eukaryotic-genome-organization-in-general-definitions\/\">Eukaryotic genome organisation in general (definitions)<\/a>)<\/li><li><strong>basic transcription factor<\/strong> binds to the opened sequence\u2019s promoter region<\/li><li>control elements bind to the sequence of the current gene (enhancers, silencers, special transcriptional factors)<\/li><li>activation of RNA polymerase II<\/li><li>transcription \u2013 production of mRNA (pre-mRNA)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\"><strong>Processes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-7f915f7c-69b1-4b4c-a1a2-2ddf11a20474\"><li><strong>Initiation<\/strong>:  The transcription start site of eukaryotic genes is usually embedded in the so-called minimal or core promoter: an 80 bp region containing several short conserved DNA elements, and the transcription start site.<\/li><li><strong>Elongation<\/strong>:  it occurs in a bubble of the unwound DNA, where the RNA Polymerase II uses ssDNA as a template to perform the synthesis of a new mRNA strand in the 5\u2032 to 3\u2032 direction.<\/li><li><strong>Termination<\/strong>: RNA Polymerase II terminates the process at random locations past the end of the gene. The newly-synthesized pre-mRNA is cleaved at a sequence-specified location and released before transcription is terminated.<\/li><\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene4-1-1024x768.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10126\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene4-1-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene4-1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene4-1-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene4-1-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene4-1-2048x1536.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\"><strong>Promoter recognition<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene5-1.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Transcription in Eukaryotes\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene5-1-946x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10135\" width=\"237\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene5-1-946x1024.png 946w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene5-1-277x300.png 277w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene5-1-768x832.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene5-1-1418x1536.png 1418w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene5-1-1891x2048.png 1891w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene5-1.png 1940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 237px) 100vw, 237px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 2. Promoter region<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-2c69422f-6d02-44b2-8eba-742e3a7de319\"><li>The promoter sequence needs to be accessible for the transcription machinery<\/li><li>Basic transcription factors (TF) can attach to the promoter region (<strong>Figure 2<\/strong>)<\/li><li>Enhancers and other cis-acting transcriptional elements are going to bind to the DNA<\/li><li>The RNA polymerase II alone can not bind to the promoter region of the gene, it requires the basic transcription factors (TFII A,B &#8230; )<\/li><li>The basic transcription factors are:<ul><li>TFII <strong>A<\/strong><\/li><li>TFII<strong> B<\/strong><\/li><li>TFII <strong>D<\/strong><\/li><li>TFII <strong>E<\/strong><\/li><li>TFII <strong>F<\/strong><\/li><li>TFII <strong>H<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The order of the binding of the TFs are not alphabetical:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>TF II D binds to BRE parts<\/li><li>TF II A &amp; B binds to the TATA-box &amp; TFIID<\/li><li>TF IIF binds to the RNA POL II<\/li><li>TF II H &amp; E binds to the RNA POL &amp; TFIID\/A\/B\/F<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Initiation<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Initiation starts with binding of TFIID<br>TFIID is a huge protein complex of: <br>14 + TATA box binding protein (TBP) <br>(Figure 3)<br>TFIID binds to the TATA box via TBP while it reaches the INR and DPE regions of the promoter with the rest of the proteins in the complex (Figure 4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"639\" data-id=\"10188\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene6-2-1024x639.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10188\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene6-2-1024x639.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene6-2-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene6-2-768x479.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene6-2-1536x958.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene6-2-2048x1277.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"585\" data-id=\"10189\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene7-2-1024x585.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10189\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene7-2-1024x585.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene7-2-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene7-2-768x439.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene7-2-1536x878.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene7-2-2048x1170.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the TFIID is properly bound to the promoter the TFIIA and B are going to attach to the BRE sequences (Figure 5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alone the TFII F is not able to bind to the others, first, it attaches to the RNA polymerase II and together they will bind to the previously bound factors (Figure 6-7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"585\" data-id=\"10185\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene8-1-1024x585.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10185\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene8-1-1024x585.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene8-1-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene8-1-768x439.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene8-1-1536x878.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene8-1-2048x1170.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"628\" data-id=\"10187\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene10-1-1024x628.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10187\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene10-1-1024x628.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene10-1-300x184.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene10-1-768x471.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene10-1-1536x943.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene10-1-2048x1257.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"671\" data-id=\"10186\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene9-1-1024x671.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10186\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene9-1-1024x671.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene9-1-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene9-1-768x503.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene9-1-1536x1006.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene9-1-2048x1341.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the TFIIE binds to the complex the TFIIH (10 subunits + kinase) will bind too (Figure 8-10).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"671\" data-id=\"10183\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene11-1024x671.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene11-1024x671.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene11-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene11-768x503.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene11-1536x1006.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene11-2048x1341.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"671\" data-id=\"10184\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene12-1024x671.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10184\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene12-1024x671.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene12-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene12-768x503.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene12-1536x1006.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene12-2048x1341.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other regulator elements and mediator complex binds too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"671\" data-id=\"10192\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene13-1024x671.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene13-1024x671.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene13-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene13-768x503.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene13-1536x1006.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene13-2048x1341.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"671\" data-id=\"10193\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene14-1024x671.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10193\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene14-1024x671.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene14-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene14-768x503.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene14-1536x1006.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene14-2048x1341.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the other TFs are bound too, the mediator complex attaches to the bench of factors, while now the transcription is almost ready to start.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-5 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"662\" data-id=\"10194\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene15-1024x662.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene15-1024x662.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene15-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene15-768x497.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene15-1536x993.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene15-2048x1324.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"664\" data-id=\"10195\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene16-1024x664.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10195\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene16-1024x664.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene16-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene16-768x498.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene16-1536x996.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene16-2048x1329.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Template DNA is fitting into the complex active centre and RNA synthesis starts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After 25 nucleotides the polymerase stops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elongation inhibitory proteins bind to the RNA polymerase II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">TFIIH Kinase is phosphorylating the C-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase II and the inhibitory proteins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No further inhibition thus elongation starts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-6 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"577\" data-id=\"10200\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene17-1024x577.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene17-1024x577.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene17-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene17-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene17-1536x865.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene17-2048x1153.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"802\" data-id=\"10201\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene18-1024x802.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene18-1024x802.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene18-300x235.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene18-768x602.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene18-1536x1204.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene18-2048x1605.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-7 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"745\" data-id=\"10205\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene19-1024x745.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene19-1024x745.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene19-300x218.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene19-768x559.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene19-1536x1118.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene19-2048x1490.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" data-id=\"10206\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene20-1-1024x575.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene20-1-1024x575.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene20-1-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene20-1-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene20-1-1536x862.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene20-1-2048x1149.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Termination<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RNA polymerase II reaches the end of the gene.<br>Two protein complexes carried by The CTD (c-terminal domain),<br>CPSF (cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor) and CSTF (cleavage stimulation factor),<br>The poly-AAAAA signal recognized in the transcribed RNA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The complex dissociates from the template DNA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-8 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"478\" data-id=\"10210\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene21-1024x478.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene21-1024x478.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene21-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene21-768x358.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene21-1536x716.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene21-2048x955.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"729\" data-id=\"10211\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene22-1024x729.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene22-1024x729.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene22-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene22-768x547.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene22-1536x1093.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene22-2048x1458.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\"><strong>Key terms<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Initiation<\/li><li>Promoter<\/li><li>RNA polymerase II<\/li><li>Elongation<\/li><li>Termination<\/li><li>Transcription factors<\/li><li>Enhancer<\/li><li>Cis-acting<\/li><li>TATA box<\/li><li>INR<\/li><li>DPE<\/li><li>Transcript<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\" class=\"title_collection title2\">References<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Snider MDS. Devlin\u2019s&nbsp;<strong>Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations<\/strong>, the 8th Edition. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Incorporated, 2020; 2019.<\/p>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Required steps<\/strong><\/h1><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Processes<\/strong><\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Promoter recognition<\/strong><\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Initiation<\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Termination<\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Key terms<\/strong><\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\">References<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Required steps chromatin change into the active form (Eukaryotic genome organisation in general (definitions)) basic transcription factor binds to the opened sequence\u2019s promoter region control elements bind to the sequence of the current gene (enhancers, silencers, special transcriptional factors) activation of RNA polymerase II transcription \u2013 production of mRNA (pre-mRNA) Processes Initiation: The transcription start [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2331,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2358","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Transcription in Eukaryotes &#8211; 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