{"id":2357,"date":"2020-09-21T13:00:30","date_gmt":"2020-09-21T11:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/gene-expression\/eukaryotic-chromatin-types-function-activation\/"},"modified":"2022-01-17T23:52:10","modified_gmt":"2022-01-17T21:52:10","slug":"eukaryotic-chromatin-types-function-activation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-tissues\/gene-expression\/eukaryotic-chromatin-types-function-activation\/","title":{"rendered":"Eukaryotic Chromatin Types, Function, Activation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\"> Eukaryotic genome organisation in general (definitions) <\/div><\/p>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Description<\/h1>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Chromatin:<\/strong>&nbsp;DNA + HISTONE proteins<\/li><li><strong>HISTONE PROTEINS: nucleosome formation<\/strong><ul><li><strong>H1<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;nucleosome structural fixing<ul><li><strong>H2A<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 component of nucleosome<\/li><li><strong>H2B<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 component of nucleosome<\/li><li><strong>H3<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2013 component of nucleosome<\/li><li><strong>H4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2013<\/strong>&nbsp;component of nucleosome<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>NUCLEOSOME: Histones + DNA in a disc-unit<\/strong><ul><li>octamer structure ( 4 + 4 Histones: H2A, H2B, H3, H4 )<\/li><li>DNA wrapped around the histones<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>HISTONE remodelling and modification:<\/strong><ul><li>covalent modification of the core histones<\/li><li>helps the activation of the&nbsp;heterochromatin&nbsp;into&nbsp;euchromatin<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Classification<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-14ba17ea-2888-48c4-8512-70c34d37d78b\"><li><strong>EU-CHROMATIN:<\/strong><ul><li>the transcriptionally active form of the DNA<\/li><li>loosely packed<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>HETERO-CHROMATIN:<\/strong><ul><li>the transcriptionally inactive form of the DNA<\/li><li>highly condensed<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>HISTONE remodelling:&nbsp;<\/strong><em>quick modification of&nbsp;chromatin structure<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>covalent histone modifications by specific enzymes<\/li><li>ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complexes which either move, eject, shuffle or restructure the nucleosome composition<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>HISTONE posttranslational modification:\u00a0<\/strong>adding or removing the following groups from the histone proteins: <strong>Methyl<\/strong>, <strong>Acetyl<\/strong>, <strong>Phosphate<\/strong>, <strong>Ubiquitin<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene2.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Eukaryotic Chromatin Types, Function, Activation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"735\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene2-1024x735.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10109\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene2-1024x735.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene2-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene2-768x551.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene2-1536x1102.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/gene2-2048x1469.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong> HISTONE remodelling:\u00a0quick modification of\u00a0chromatin structure<\/strong> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Regulation of posttranslational modification of the Histones \u201copening\u201d<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Methylation \u2013&nbsp;<\/strong>addition a methyl group on a substrate or a protein<\/li><li><strong>Acetylation \u2013&nbsp;<\/strong>addition an acetyl group on a substrate or a protein<\/li><li><strong>Phosphorylation \u2013&nbsp;<\/strong>addition a phosphate group on a substrate or a protein<\/li><li><strong>Ubiquitination \u2013&nbsp;<\/strong>addition a ubiquitin on a substrate or a protein<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Enzymes required for modification<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Methylation<\/strong><ul><li>takes place on arginine or lysine residues in the protein sequence<\/li><li>Histone methyltransferases (HMT)<\/li><li>methylated\u00a0<strong>ARGs<\/strong>\u00a0are considered activating :<ul><li>H4R3me2a<\/li><li>H3R2me2s<\/li><li>H3R17me2a<\/li><li>H3R26me2a<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>methylated\u00a0<strong>ARGs<\/strong>\u00a0are considered repressive :<ul><li>H3R2me2a<\/li><li>H3R8me2a<\/li><li>H3R8me2s<\/li><li>H4R3me2s<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Acetylation<\/strong><ul><li>Histone acetyltransferase (HAT)<\/li><li>acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on H3, H4, H2B<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Phosphorylation<\/strong><ul><li>occur on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues<\/li><li>Kinases<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Ubiquitination<\/strong><ul><li>alters chromatin structure and allows the access of enzymes<\/li><li>Ubiquitin ligase<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Regulation of posttranslational modification of the Histones \u201cclosing\u201d<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>demethylation \u2013 by&nbsp;Lysine Demethylases<\/li><li>deacetylation \u2013 by HDAC (histone deacetylase)<\/li><li>dephosphorylation \u2013 by phosphatases<\/li><li>deubiquitination \u2013 by specific peptidases known as deubiquitinating enzymes<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title4\">Key terms<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>DNA<\/li><li>Chromatin<\/li><li>Euchromatin<\/li><li>Heterochromatin<\/li><li>Nucleosome<\/li><li>Histones<\/li><li>Histone posttranslational modifications<\/li><li>(de)Acetylation<\/li><li>(de)Methylation<\/li><li>(de)Phosphorylation<\/li><li>(de)Ubiquitination<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\" class=\"title_collection title2\">References<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Snider MDS. Devlin\u2019s&nbsp;<strong>Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations<\/strong>, the 8th Edition. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Incorporated, 2020; 2019.<\/p>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Description<\/h1><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Classification<\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regulation of posttranslational modification of the Histones \u201copening\u201d<\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regulation of posttranslational modification of the Histones \u201cclosing\u201d<\/h2><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key terms<\/h4><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"References\">References<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Description Chromatin:&nbsp;DNA + HISTONE proteins HISTONE PROTEINS: nucleosome formation H1&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;nucleosome structural fixing H2A&nbsp;\u2013 component of nucleosome H2B&nbsp;\u2013 component of nucleosome H3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2013 component of nucleosome H4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;component of nucleosome NUCLEOSOME: Histones + DNA in a disc-unit octamer structure ( 4 + 4 Histones: H2A, H2B, H3, H4 ) DNA wrapped around the histones HISTONE remodelling and modification: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2331,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2357","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Eukaryotic Chromatin Types, Function, Activation &#8211; 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