{"id":2297,"date":"2020-09-19T22:36:36","date_gmt":"2020-09-19T20:36:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/molecular-biology\/replication\/"},"modified":"2021-03-01T13:42:57","modified_gmt":"2021-03-01T12:42:57","slug":"replication","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/molecular-biology\/replication\/","title":{"rendered":"Replication in prokaryotes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

DNA replication is a biological process in the S phase of producing two identical replicas of the DNA from one original DNA. The replication process happens in the eukaryotes and in the prokaryotes respectively <\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Place and time of the replication<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Types of replication<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
  1. Dispersive<\/li>
  2. Semi-conservative<\/li>
  3. Conservative<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

    Semi-conservative replication<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

    Semi -conservative<\/em> means that the information will be saved\/conserved if there is no recombination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/a>
    Semi conservative replication<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Three major phases are there in eu- and prokaryotes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Initiation<\/li>
    2. Synthesis<\/li>
    3. Termination<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"
      Phases of replication<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Required enzymes:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1. topoisomerase<\/li>
      2. DNA polymerase<\/li>
      3. helicases<\/li>
      4. primase<\/li>
      5. ligases<\/li>
      6. telomerase<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
        \"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        Required enzymes and proteins for replication<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

        Semiconservative replication in prokaryotes<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

        In the bacteria the place where the replication begins called: replication origo, from which both directions can the replication be done<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

        Initiation<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
        1. Initiator proteins are binding to the replication origos<\/li>
        2. helicases are attaching\/replacing the initiator proteins<\/li>
        3. replication origos -> DNA is opened by that<\/li>
        4. replication starts<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
          \"\"<\/a>
          Initiation of the replication<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          While opening up the DNA , tension is generated and the DNA could be supercoiled. To avoid the supercoiling phenomena Topoisomerase enzymes are coiling the DNA in the opposite direction.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

          Topoisomerases<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

          2 types of enzymes are there:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          1. single strand breaking ones (TOPOISOMERASE I, IV)<\/li>
          2. double strand breaking ones (TOPOISOMERASE II)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
            \"\"<\/a>
            Types of the topoisomerase enzymes<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

            Synthesis<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

            For the synthesis we need:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            1. nucleotides<\/li>
            2. template (DNA)<\/li>
            3. primer (RNA)<\/li>
            4. DNA polymerase<\/li>
            5. helicase<\/li>
            6. topoisomerase<\/li>
            7. sDNA binding protein<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              The replication starts every time with the template and the primer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              The primer is made by PRIMASE enzyme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              After the Primase made the primer (RNA) the reading starts from 5′ end towards to the 3′ end.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              The DNA polymerase III. will synthetise the new strand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \"\"<\/a>
              Act of the DNA polymerase III.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

              DNA POLYMERASE III<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

              This enzyme is a dimer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Always works in one direction on both strands (leading and lagging strands).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              It has :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              1. proof-reading activity<\/li>
              2. endonuclease activity<\/li>
              3. correction ability<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                \"\"
                DNA polymerase III.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

                Replication fork<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

                The replication fork<\/strong> is a special structure that forms within the long helical DNA during the replication<\/strong>, which is created by helicases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                In the replication fork there are some enzymes which required:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                1. Helicase (opens the DNA)<\/li>
                2. Primase (synthetises the primer)<\/li>
                3. Polymerase III. (synthetises the new strand)<\/li>
                4. sDNA binding proteins (inhibit the cross coiling phenomenon)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                  \"\"<\/a>
                  The replication fork<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
                  \"\"<\/a>
                  Lagging strand and the okazaki fragments<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                  During the lagging strand synthesis only small fragments are synthetised by the polymerase III. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  The small fragments called Okazaki fragments needs to be connect together so the polymerase I. finishing the synthesis where another enzyme LIGASE will make the longer and the shorter fragments together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \"\"<\/a>
                  DNA polymerase and LIGASE activity on the lagging strand<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

                  Termination<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

                  In the last step the terminator sequence has the biggest role. That is the part of the DNA, where the replication will end. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  The termination happens with the help of the TUS proteins. Thees proteins will connect the newly synthetised DNA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \"\"<\/a>
                  TUS proteins act<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/span>

                  Types of replication<\/h2>

                  Semi-conservative replication<\/h2>

                  Semiconservative replication in prokaryotes<\/h2>

                  Initiation<\/h2>

                  Topoisomerases<\/h2>

                  Synthesis<\/h2>

                  DNA POLYMERASE III<\/h2>

                  Replication fork<\/h2>

                  Termination<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Types of replication Dispersive Semi-conservative Conservative Semi-conservative replication Semi -conservative means that the information will be saved\/conserved if there is no recombination. Three major phases are there in eu- and prokaryotes: Initiation Synthesis Termination Required enzymes: topoisomerase DNA polymerase helicases primase ligases telomerase Required enzymes and proteins for replication Semiconservative replication in prokaryotes In the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":284,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2297","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nReplication in prokaryotes – Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/molecular-biology\/replication\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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