{"id":2296,"date":"2020-09-19T22:36:36","date_gmt":"2020-09-19T20:36:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/molecular-biology\/dna-rna-and-the-genome\/"},"modified":"2020-12-30T12:02:19","modified_gmt":"2020-12-30T11:02:19","slug":"dna-rna-and-the-genome","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/molecular-biology\/dna-rna-and-the-genome\/","title":{"rendered":"DNA, RNA and the genome"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

DNA stands for De(s)oxy-riboNucleic Acid; RNA stands for RiboNucleic Acid, and the genome is the amount of total information found in a cell encoded in DNA.<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Types of the genetic material<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

Based on the localization of the genetic material in eukaryote system, we distinguish between the DNA you will find inside the nucleus<\/strong> and the one which is inside the mitochondria<\/strong> (Figure 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 1. Types of the DNA inside the cell<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The genome in the nucleus is more complicated, more information is stored there in the form of the DNA, and it has its special appearance of double-antiparallel helix type<\/strong> of structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular type<\/strong>, less information is stored in it and extremely vulnerable<\/strong>. The fragile feature of this type of DNA stems from the lack of Histone proteins and repair system<\/strong>. The localization of it also not helps it further, caused by the fact it is near to<\/strong> the oxygen involving ATP\/water production, whereas the reactive oxygen species (ROS)<\/strong> can damage the genetic information easily.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

Composition of DNA<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

DNA molecule is an aperiodic polymer<\/strong>. Which means there is repetitions but there no exact rule of how it has been made up in the order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reading and copying direction<\/strong> every time is 5′ – 3′<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using de(s)oxy-nucleotides (dATP, dTTP, …) the DNA made up of 4 different bases<\/strong> together with sugar<\/strong> and phosphate<\/strong> component in a phosphodiester bond (Figure 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 2. Composition of DNA<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Between the bases, there is a rule on how to couple them: Adenine<\/strong> can connect to Thymine<\/strong> with 2<\/strong>, where Guanine<\/strong> gets together with Cytosine <\/strong> with 3 hydrogen bonds<\/strong> (Figure 3.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Figure 3. Base pairing rule<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

On the DNA itself it is true:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • double helix<\/li>
  • complementary<\/li>
  • minor and major grooves<\/li>
  • 1 turn is usually about 10 nucleotides<\/li>
  • increasing temperature denatures it<\/li>
  • it has 5′-3′ UTR regions, which are untranslated regions<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

    Chromosomes<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

    The chromosome formation is another level packaging of the genetic information. The DNA reaches this condensed feature<\/strong> where the coiling of the helixes generates chromatids. Two chromatids<\/strong> pair together and connected via centromere regions<\/strong>. In the end, each chromatid has a telomer region<\/strong>, which is important in order to save the genetic information. Also, it is required to avoid unlimited cell division (Figure 4). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"
    Figure 4. Chromosomes<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n<\/span>

    Types of the genetic material<\/h4>

    Composition of DNA<\/h4>

    Chromosomes<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Types of the genetic material Based on the localization of the genetic material in eukaryote system, we distinguish between the DNA you will find inside the nucleus and the one which is inside the mitochondria (Figure 1). The genome in the nucleus is more complicated, more information is stored there in the form of the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":284,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2296","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nDNA, RNA and the genome – Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/molecular-biology\/dna-rna-and-the-genome\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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