{"id":1845,"date":"2020-08-18T13:26:46","date_gmt":"2020-08-18T13:26:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/lipid-metabolism\/mobilization-of-free-fatty-acids\/"},"modified":"2022-04-25T22:08:34","modified_gmt":"2022-04-25T20:08:34","slug":"mobilization-of-free-fatty-acids","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/lipid-metabolism\/mobilization-of-free-fatty-acids\/","title":{"rendered":"Mobilization of free fatty acids"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Mobilization of the fatty acids is the process of moving fatty acids out of cells into the bloodstream. This process requires special enzymes and hormones.<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mobilization of fatty acids requires special enzymatic activity to release a single fat chain out of a TAG molecule; but before we can do that, we must “open up” the lipid droplet and activate these special enzymes which are regulated by hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (TAG)<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

The initial step in mobilizing TAGs is the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol by lipases<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The primary intracellular lipases are hormone-sensitive lipase<\/strong> (HSL<\/strong>) and adipose triglyceride lipase<\/strong> (ATGL<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

Phosphorylation of perilipin and activation of HSL<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
Figure 1. FFA mobilization from Adipocyte by HSL<\/strong> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

AMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA<\/strong>) can phosphorylate both perilipin <\/strong>and hormone-sensitive lipase<\/strong> to produce the active form of the PKA enzyme. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perilipin<\/strong> is a protein that coats lipid droplets, providing a protective layer from the lipases, such as hormone-sensitive lipase. Phosphorylated perilipin changes its conformation, uncovering the stored lipids to hormone-sensitive lipase-mediated lipolysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hormone-sensitive lipase cleaves a fatty acid from triacylglycerol and fatty acids and glycerol are released into the blood. The fatty acids, complexed with albumin, enter cells of muscle and other tissues, where they are oxidized to CO2<\/sub> and water to generate energy (Figure 1<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PKA can be activated by cAMP and PKC enzymes. PKA is activated by AMP through the exercise inducible pathway. During exercise, the level of the ATP is decreasing as it is being used by the muscles, generating ADP that will activate the AMPK; but once AMP is produced (by the degradation of the ATP) it works as a signal in parallel with adrenaline, capable of activating the HSL and PKA enzymes, phosphorylating the HSL and perilipin respectively, while the lipid covering protein layer will “open up<\/em>“.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

References<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

Snider MDS. Devlin\u2019s Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations<\/strong>, the 8th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2020; 2019.<\/span> <\/p>\n<\/span>

Hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (TAG)<\/h2>

Phosphorylation of perilipin and activation of HSL<\/h2>

References<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The mobilization of fatty acids requires special enzymatic activity to release a single fat chain out of a TAG molecule; but before we can do that, we must “open up” the lipid droplet and activate these special enzymes which are regulated by hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine). Hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (TAG) The initial step in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1712,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1845","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nMobilization of free fatty acids – Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/lipid-metabolism\/mobilization-of-free-fatty-acids\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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