{"id":1841,"date":"2020-08-18T13:26:45","date_gmt":"2020-08-18T13:26:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/lipid-metabolism\/synthesis-of-malonyl-coa\/"},"modified":"2021-10-29T18:30:40","modified_gmt":"2021-10-29T16:30:40","slug":"synthesis-of-malonyl-coa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/lipid-metabolism\/synthesis-of-malonyl-coa\/","title":{"rendered":"Synthesis of Malonyl-CoA"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">The first step of the synthesis of fatty acid, to have the first molecule of Malonyl-CoA. This 3C containing unit formed from Acetyl-CoA with a carboxylation with the help of the Acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme, catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the lipogenesis<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Acetyl-CoA is \u201cactivated\u201d by carboxylation towards Malonyl-CoA by the enzyme\u00a0<strong>Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase<\/strong> (<strong>ACC<\/strong>) (Figure 1). The reaction demands ATP and bicarbonate as the source of CO<sub>2<\/sub>. It is important to note that the biotin part of the carboxylase enzymes is crucial to perform a two-step based carboxylation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-background wp-block-list\"><li>CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0is linked to <strong>biotin<\/strong> on the enzyme, using energy produced by ATP hydrolysis<\/li><li>CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0is transferred to Acetyl CoA<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/lIPID3.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Synthesis of Malonyl-CoA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/lIPID3-1024x256.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7866\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/lIPID3-1024x256.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/lIPID3-300x75.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/lIPID3-768x192.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/lIPID3-1536x383.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/lIPID3-2048x511.png 2048w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/lIPID3.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 1. Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase (ACC) in action<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Importance of the reaction \u2014 Regulation<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis (<strong>Figure 2<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"attachment_19118\" class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/LIPID4.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Synthesis of Malonyl-CoA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/LIPID4-1024x673.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7872\" width=\"512\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/LIPID4-1024x673.png 1024w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/LIPID4-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/LIPID4-768x505.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/LIPID4-1536x1010.png 1536w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/LIPID4-2048x1347.png 2048w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/LIPID4.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 1. Regulation of the Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is <strong>inhibited by long-chain Acyl-CoAs<\/strong>, which leads to the feedback inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by high amounts of the product<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is also\u00a0<strong>inhibited by phosphorylation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A and AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibit this enzyme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#cbf4e4\">This enzyme is <strong>activated by citrate<\/strong> and <strong>insulin<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Citrate is exported from the mitochondria to generate cytosolic Acetyl-CoA for the fatty acid synthesis<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">References<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S<span style=\"font-size: revert; color: initial;\">nider MDS. Devlin\u2019s <strong>Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations<\/strong>, the 8th Edition. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Incorporated, 2020; 2019.<\/span>  <\/p>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)<\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Importance of the reaction \u2014 Regulation<\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) Acetyl-CoA is \u201cactivated\u201d by carboxylation towards Malonyl-CoA by the enzyme\u00a0Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) (Figure 1). The reaction demands ATP and bicarbonate as the source of CO2. It is important to note that the biotin part of the carboxylase enzymes is crucial to perform a two-step based carboxylation. CO2\u00a0is linked to biotin on the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1712,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1841","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Synthesis of Malonyl-CoA &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/lipid-metabolism\/synthesis-of-malonyl-coa\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\\\/lipid-metabolism\\\/synthesis-of-malonyl-coa\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\\\/lipid-metabolism\\\/synthesis-of-malonyl-coa\\\/\",\"name\":\"Synthesis of Malonyl-CoA &#8211; 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