{"id":1729,"date":"2020-08-14T17:32:46","date_gmt":"2020-08-14T17:32:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/the-malate-aspartate-shuttle\/"},"modified":"2021-11-29T21:16:55","modified_gmt":"2021-11-29T19:16:55","slug":"the-malate-aspartate-shuttle","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/the-malate-aspartate-shuttle\/","title":{"rendered":"The Malate-Aspartate shuttle"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

This Shuttle is used by the mitochondria, allows electrons to move through the impermeable membrane between the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix <\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Description<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

Contrary to glycolysis, there are no enzymes in the cytosol capable of transforming oxalacetate (OAA) into malate, so oxalacetate should be transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol. Oxaloacetate can only pass through the membrane in the form of Aspartate<\/strong> (ASP) or Malate<\/strong>. To enhance this transport, our body uses the ASP-MALATE shuttle (Figure 1<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figure 1. Enzymes involved in ASP-MALATE shuttle<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The idea is to transport OAA <\/strong>through the membrane by turning it into Malate<\/strong>.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cytosolic Malate dehydrogenase<\/strong> (c-MDH) will generate Malate from OAA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malate will go through the Malate-Alpha-Ketoglutarate antiporter<\/strong>, reaching the matrix of the mitochondria. Malate will change back to OAA by the mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase<\/strong> (m-MDH).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The dehydrogenase reaction resulted in NADH which is used by the first complex of the ETC. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

OAA will change back into ASP with the help of the aspartate aminotransferase<\/strong> (AT) enzyme. This reaction requires an amino group as OAA is a keto acid, while the ASP is an amino acid. The amino group comes from Glutamate<\/strong> (GLU). If the GLU loses its amino group another keto acid, alpha-keto-glutarate<\/strong> is generated. The ASP is going to transport back to the cytosol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Alpha-KG goes into the cytosol via the antiporter, followed by the transformation back into GLU with an amino group captured from the ASP, while the OAA is generated back, finally, the cycle closes. <\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

References<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

Snider MDS. Devlin\u2019s Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations<\/strong>, the 8th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2020; 2019.<\/span> <\/p>\n<\/span>

Description<\/h2>

References<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Description Contrary to glycolysis, there are no enzymes in the cytosol capable of transforming oxalacetate (OAA) into malate, so oxalacetate should be transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol. Oxaloacetate can only pass through the membrane in the form of Aspartate (ASP) or Malate. To enhance this transport, our body uses the ASP-MALATE shuttle (Figure 1). The idea […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1711,"menu_order":14,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1729","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Malate-Aspartate shuttle – Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/the-malate-aspartate-shuttle\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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