{"id":1723,"date":"2020-08-14T17:32:42","date_gmt":"2020-08-14T17:32:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\/"},"modified":"2021-09-26T19:40:14","modified_gmt":"2021-09-26T17:40:14","slug":"glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\/","title":{"rendered":"Glucose uptake in different tissues"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

All cells of the human body are capable of taking up glucose; the way in which they do it, however, varies depending on the tissue type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The majority of cells which are using the Na+-K+ pumps\/ATP, GLUT transporters; are tissues in which the glucose supply should be constant.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Muscles and adipose tissue are\u00a0GLUT-4 specific<\/strong>\u00a0and insulin dependent. All the other tissues are insulin-independent. <\/div>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uptake and metabolism of glucose in different tissues<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
Table 1. GLUT transporters<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In red blood cells<\/strong>, glucose uptake is performed with an insulin-independent\u00a0GLUT-1<\/strong>\u00a0transporter. 90% of the glucose uptake converts to\u00a0glycolysis, at the end of which pyruvate is produced by lactate<\/strong> because there are\u00a0no mitochondria<\/strong>, so anaerobic glycolysis<\/strong> can only be accomplished. The remaining 10% should be the\u00a0pentose phosphate pathway<\/strong>,\u00a0with continuous NADPH synthesis<\/strong>, which is required to reduce glutathione to reduce oxidative stress (GST system).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liver\u00a0<\/strong>\u2014 The big boss! There is glucose uptake without<\/strong> insulin <\/strong>by GLUT-2<\/strong>. It can be oxidized in the TCA cycle<\/strong> and may be synthesized from\u00a0pentose-phosphates<\/strong>, glucose derivatives, glucuronic acid,\u00a0glycogen<\/strong>\u00a0or Acetyl-CoA<\/strong> either fatty acids<\/strong>. Every metabolic pathway mentioned above is active.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the brain<\/strong>, glucose is the primary source of energy, using up to 120 grams of the daily uptake of 160 g. Since there are mitochondria here,\u00a0pyruvate is oxidised in the citrate cycle<\/strong>. The\u00a0glucose\u00a0also comes into\u00a0the\u00a0pentose-phosphate pathway<\/strong>. Sugar recruitment is insulin-independent\u00a0GLUT-3<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0GLUT-1<\/strong>\u00a0transporter. Neurons cannot store large quantities of fuel (there is no adipose tissue in the brain), therefore, lots of energy in the form of glucose is needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Muscle and heart<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 insulin-dependent\u00a0GLUT-4<\/strong>\u00a0transporter is used. Both have\u00a0glycogen storages<\/strong> and the pentose phosphate pathway can be active,\u00a0but it is oxidised in aerobic\u00a0glycolysis<\/strong> since they have mitochondria. In case the tissue doesn\u2019t get enough oxygen, the glucose can only be anaerobically converted to lactate<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adipose tissue<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 insulin-dependent,\u00a0GLUT-4<\/strong>\u00a0transporter absorbs glucose from which pyruvate is produced, followed by Acetyl-CoA formation, but Acetyl-Coa is used for fatty acid synthesis<\/strong>.\u00a0Pentose phosphate<\/strong>\u00a0and glycogenic pathways<\/strong> are also presented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figure 2. The fate of the glucose in different tissues<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

Clinical correlation<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

Patients with diabetes mellitus<\/em> are advised to calculate how many calories and sugar they are going to eat because their insulin dose is calculated according to that one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This results in a vicious cycle \u2014 if there is no insulin production and if they inject it directly, their body will be pretty indifferent, compared to non-diabetic patients which feel satisfied after eating (\u201cokay, it\u2019s enough now\u2026\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If insulin will appear, the GLUT-4 transporters are going to be active and take whatever they can; this results in uncontrolled weight gain at local regions of the body (typical features of diabetes).<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

References<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

Snider MDS. Devlin\u2019s Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations<\/strong>, the 8th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2020; 2019.<\/span> <\/p>\n<\/span>

Uptake and metabolism of glucose in different tissues<\/h2>

Clinical correlation<\/h2>

References<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

. Uptake and metabolism of glucose in different tissues In red blood cells, glucose uptake is performed with an insulin-independent\u00a0GLUT-1\u00a0transporter. 90% of the glucose uptake converts to\u00a0glycolysis, at the end of which pyruvate is produced by lactate because there are\u00a0no mitochondria, so anaerobic glycolysis can only be accomplished. The remaining 10% should be the\u00a0pentose phosphate […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1711,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1723","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nGlucose uptake in different tissues – Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\\\/carbohydrate-metabolism\\\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\\\/carbohydrate-metabolism\\\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\\\/\",\"name\":\"Glucose uptake in different tissues – Meddists\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\\\/carbohydrate-metabolism\\\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\\\/carbohydrate-metabolism\\\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/09\\\/GLUT-trasporters-1024x267.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-08-14T17:32:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-09-26T17:40:14+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\\\/carbohydrate-metabolism\\\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\\\/carbohydrate-metabolism\\\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\\\/carbohydrate-metabolism\\\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/09\\\/GLUT-trasporters.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/09\\\/GLUT-trasporters.png\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":417},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\\\/carbohydrate-metabolism\\\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"http:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Pre-clinical\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Biochemistry\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Biochemistry of the metabolism\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"Carbohydrate metabolism\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/biochemistry\\\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\\\/carbohydrate-metabolism\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":6,\"name\":\"Glucose uptake in different tissues\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/\",\"name\":\"Meddists\",\"description\":\"Let's Get Studying\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Glucose uptake in different tissues – Meddists","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\/","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\/","url":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\/","name":"Glucose uptake in different tissues – Meddists","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/GLUT-trasporters-1024x267.png","datePublished":"2020-08-14T17:32:42+00:00","dateModified":"2021-09-26T17:40:14+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/GLUT-trasporters.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/GLUT-trasporters.png","width":1600,"height":417},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/glucose-uptake-in-different-tissues\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"http:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Pre-clinical","item":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Biochemistry","item":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Biochemistry of the metabolism","item":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"Carbohydrate metabolism","item":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/biochemistry\/biochemistry-of-the-metabolism\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":6,"name":"Glucose uptake in different tissues"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/#website","url":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/","name":"Meddists","description":"Let's Get Studying","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1723","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1723"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1723\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10837,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1723\/revisions\/10837"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1711"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1723"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}