Goes until cells are capable to take up the mono forms (glucose)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D-type of sugar is used by our body<\/p>\n\n\n\n
GLUT transmembrane proteins are responsible for the uptake<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the uptake is ATP and Sodium-potassium co-transport dependent<\/p>\n\n\n\n
GLUT5 is for fructose with facilitated diffusion<\/p>\n\n\n\n
GLUT4 is insulin-dependent<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n Between carbohydrates, we are considering complex forms like\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n As a first step in the mouth, the\u00a0alpha-amylase<\/strong>\u00a0produced in the salivary glands hydrolyses alpha-1-4 bonds, thus\u00a0disrupts\u00a0starch and glycogen<\/strong>, but inactivates by the acidic pH of the stomach. The pancreatic alpha-amylase produced by the pancreas has the same effect. It breaks the starch parts and glycogen into\u00a0maltose, maltotriose and\u00a0alpha-limit dextrin<\/strong>\u00a0from glucose. They are further hydrolysed by the enzymes of the small intestine: oligosaccharides, disaccharidases (Table 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Absorption occurs through enterocytes; their luminal membrane contains Na+<\/sup>\u00a0\u2014 cranial monosaccharide carriers<\/strong>, which introduce glucose and galactose into the burden of the Na+<\/sup>\u00a0electrochemical gradient,<\/p>\n\n\n\n while fructose<\/strong> is transported by another, without sodium<\/strong> with passive accelerated diffusion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The intake of sodium is removed by the Na-K pump, which is critical because the glucose can escape if the gradient is not present. In the basal membrane, a sodium-free transporter carries the monosaccharides to the capillaries.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n Sugar in its monosaccharide form is transmitted from the blood through\u00a0GLUT transporters<\/strong>, transported to the facilitated concentration gradient, with no role for sodium and ATP.\u00a0 In the GLUT family, we have a few based on their tissue distribution (Table 2<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n The muscle and adipose tissue have insulin-dependent GLUT-4 transporter. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n The uptake of glucose in adipocytes and muscle cells required GLUT4, insulin-dependent transporter. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Insulin activates the receptor (Tyrosine-kinase receptor), inducing autophosphorylation inside the cell, followed by a signal cascade activation. The end of the cascade is the translocation of the microvesicle full of GLUT4 transporter into the membrane, thus the uptake of the glucose can be done (Figure 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\nDigestion and absorption of food carbohydrates<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
single forms, like the
<\/li>
As a result of enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract, the polysaccharides are decomposed into monosaccharides because they\u00a0can only be absorbed in the monosaccharides form through the small intestinal cells<\/strong>\u00a0(Figure 1<\/strong>).<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/GLUCOSE-1.png\")
<\/a>
<\/p>\n\n\n\nName of the enzyme<\/td> Function<\/td><\/tr> Alpha-Amylase<\/td> Breaking down the amylose from starch<\/td><\/tr> Lactase<\/td> Breaking down the lactose into glucose and galactose<\/td><\/tr> Galactosidase<\/td> Catalyzes the hydrolysis of beta-galactosides into monosaccharides <\/td><\/tr> Maltase<\/td> Breaks down maltose into 2 glucose<\/td><\/tr> Sucrase<\/td> Breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table> GLUT proteins<\/h1>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
GLUT<\/td> Function and distribution<\/td> KM<\/sub><\/td><\/tr> GLUT1<\/td> RBC, BRAIN, MUSCLE, ADIPOSE TISSUE<\/td> 1mM<\/td><\/tr> GLUT2<\/td> LIVER, PANCREAS, KIDNEY, SMALL INTESTINES<\/td> 15-20mM<\/td><\/tr> GLUT3<\/td> BRAIN<\/td> 1mM<\/td><\/tr> GLUT4<\/strong><\/td> MUSCLE, ADIPOSE TISSUE <\/strong><\/td> 5mM<\/strong><\/td><\/tr> GLUT5<\/td> FRUCTOSE WITH PASSIVE\/FACILITATED DIFFUSION<\/td> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table> GLUT4 transporter – insulin dependency<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n