In principle, terminal oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Use the NADH to release H+<\/sup> to the outer matrix<\/li>
- Use Succinate to generate Fumarate<\/li>
- Use ADP + Pi<\/sub> to generate ATP<\/li>
- Use e–<\/sup> <\/sub>and H+<\/sup> and 1\/2 O2<\/sub> to generate H2<\/sub>O<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
Energy production<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
The energy demand of different cellular reactions is provided by the transfer of phosphorus, primarily by ATP, but other molecules can also participate,<\/strong> such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Phosphoenolpyruvate<\/li>
- 1-3 BPG<\/li>
- Pyrophosphate<\/li>
- Glucose-6-phosphate<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
The most critical electron receptor is N<\/strong>icotinamide A<\/strong>denine D<\/strong>inucleotide (NAD+<\/sup>),<\/strong> in which two nucleotides are linked together via their acid phosphide groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NAD+<\/sup> is reduced, it absorbs electrons, while a substrate oxidizes, releasing an electron.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
The important proton acceptors are flavin mononucleotide (FMN<\/strong>) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD<\/strong>). They can accept up to two H-atoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anabolic processes require NADPH, NAD, and NADP coenzymes, FDN, FAD prosthetic groups.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
The oxidoreduction processes are catalyzed by enzymes; they can be divided into groups:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- The oxidases<\/strong> catalysed reactions; oxygen is the hydrogen receptor. Water can be formed by the copper ions oxidase reactions (cytochrome oxidase, for example)<\/li>
- There is no oxygen in the dehydrogenases<\/strong> here usually NAD, NADP, FAD and FMN are the electron transducer.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
The final step of the degradation is terminal oxidation, in which hydrogen is oxidized to water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Half molecule of O2<\/sub> + 2 H+<\/sup> + 2e = H2<\/sub>O<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Specific elements pump out protons from the matrix into a intermembrane space causing electrochemical gradient; motor power is generated by the membrane potential and pH difference<\/li>
- The protons contained in the proton channel of ATP- synthesis, the ADP is phosphorylated. Two electrons enter the transport chain simultaneously; the acceptor is O2<\/sub>, water is reduced to reduce it to 4 electrons (Figure 1<\/strong>).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Steps of ATP production<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
- NADH transports its electrons to the first complex (NADH oxidase<\/strong>), the reaction direction of the proton motor power
<\/li>- The electrons in the form of hydrides are FMNs and Fe-S centress containing proteins. The NADH formed in the matrix is bound and oxidized complex (NADH-UQ oxidoreductase<\/strong>).
<\/li>- The electrons are transferred to UQ,\u00a0ubiquinone<\/strong>.
<\/li>- Two e- is reduced to ubiquinone (UQH2<\/sub><\/strong>). It has freedom of movement as it is not a covalently bound protein
<\/li>- Thus, ubiquinone transfers electrons to complex III (from FADH2<\/sub>\u00a0can also take electrons). It\u2019s possible to transfer the electron from succinate to succinate UQ-oxidoreductase catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase, with FAD prosthetic group \u2014 no proton pump activity!
<\/li>- Electrons are going through complex IV, in which the cytochrome b6F molecules are responsible for proper transport.
<\/li>- The electrons inside are generating a negatively charged matrix, while positively loaded protons (H+<\/sup>) present outside will enter through the ATP synthase.
<\/li>- ADP and inorganic phosphate will bind to the ATP synthase (F1F0),\u00a0ATP<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0H2<\/sub>O<\/strong>\u00a0are going to be formed by the end of the process<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Mito2-2-1024x619.png\")
<\/a>Figure 1. Terminal oxidation in the mitochondria<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span>\n References<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
Snider MDS. Devlin\u2019s Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations<\/strong>, the 8th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2020; 2019.<\/span> <\/p>\n<\/span>
- The electrons in the form of hydrides are FMNs and Fe-S centress containing proteins. The NADH formed in the matrix is bound and oxidized complex (NADH-UQ oxidoreductase<\/strong>).
- NADH transports its electrons to the first complex (NADH oxidase<\/strong>), the reaction direction of the proton motor power
- There is no oxygen in the dehydrogenases<\/strong> here usually NAD, NADP, FAD and FMN are the electron transducer.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
- The oxidases<\/strong> catalysed reactions; oxygen is the hydrogen receptor. Water can be formed by the copper ions oxidase reactions (cytochrome oxidase, for example)<\/li>
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Mito2-2.png\")
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