{"id":1648,"date":"2020-08-14T11:39:18","date_gmt":"2020-08-14T11:39:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/abdomen-and-pelvis\/organs-and-systems\/digestive-tract\/liver\/"},"modified":"2025-02-28T09:27:24","modified_gmt":"2025-02-28T07:27:24","slug":"liver-anatomy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/abdomen-and-pelvis\/organs-and-systems\/liver-and-biliary-system\/liver-anatomy\/","title":{"rendered":"Liver"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">The liver is the largest glandular organ (after the skin), and the biggest and heaviest organ in the human body, measuring about 1.5kg (2.5% of the total body weight) in adults.<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Location<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The liver is located mainly in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen under the protection of the rib cage (hypochondrium and epigastrium),&nbsp;deep to ribs 7-11 on the right side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is located right under the diaphragm, therefore it moves up and down during respiration.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Functions<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Metabolism (glucose, lipids)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protein production and secretion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bile production and secretion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Detoxification<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Storage of nutrients<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Parts and surfaces<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The liver is covered by a thin, connective tissue capsule known as&nbsp;<strong>Glisson\u2019s capsule<\/strong>. We can divide the surface of the liver into 2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Diaphragmatic surface<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Visceral surface<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Diaphragmatic surface<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The diaphragmatic surface is convex, dome-shaped, and relatively smooth, separated from the diaphragm by the&nbsp;<strong>subphrenic recesses<\/strong>&nbsp;which are extensions of the&nbsp;<strong>peritoneal cavity (greater sac)<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The diaphragmatic surface has two subphrenic recesses, and they are separated to right and left by the&nbsp;<strong>falciform ligament<\/strong>&nbsp;which tethers the liver and the anterior abdominal wall. Moreover, the falciform ligament has a thickened part, known as the&nbsp;<strong>round ligament of the liver&nbsp;<\/strong>(or&nbsp;<strong>ligamentum teres<\/strong>), which is the remnant of the umbilical vein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The diaphragmatic surface is covered by&nbsp;<strong>visceral peritoneum<\/strong>&nbsp;except for the&nbsp;<strong>bare area of the liver<\/strong>&nbsp;which comes in direct contact with the liver. The anterior and posterior layers of the&nbsp;<strong>coronary ligament<\/strong>&nbsp;form the borders of the visceral peritoneum and the bare area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>right&nbsp;<\/strong>and&nbsp;<strong>left triangular ligaments<\/strong>&nbsp;form from these layers on the two sides of the liver.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Visceral surface<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compared to the relatively smooth, dome-shaped diaphragmatic suface of the liver, the visceral surface has a many impressions and fissures, and it faces the internal organs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In a similar fashion as the diaphragmatic surface, it is also covered by the peritoneum, except for the&nbsp;fossa for the gallbladder&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<strong>porta hepatis<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The visceral surface contains two sagittally oriented fissures which are linked by the porta hepatis, forming an H-shaped fissure surface\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The right sagittal fissure is formed by the fossa for the gallbladder anteriorly and the groove for the&nbsp;<strong>inferior vena cava<\/strong>&nbsp;posteriorly<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The left sagittal fissure, also known as the&nbsp;<strong>umbilical fissure<\/strong>, formed by the&nbsp;<strong>fissure for the round ligament<\/strong>&nbsp;anteriorly and the&nbsp;<strong>fissure for ligamentum venosum<\/strong>&nbsp;posteriorly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Porta hepatis<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The porta hepatis is a transverse fissure where vessels and nerves enter and leave the liver. The porta hepatis is tethered to the duodenum and stomach by the lesser omentum which consists of the hepatoduodenal and gastrohepatic ligaments.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Ligamentum venosum<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ligamentum venosum embryological remnant of the&nbsp;<strong>ductus venosus<\/strong>, which used to shunt blood from the umbilical vein into the inferior vena cava.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"attachment_23161\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/liver_anterior2.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Liver\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/liver_anterior2-600x337.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23161\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Anterior view of the liver<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"attachment_23158\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/liver_posterior.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Liver\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/liver_posterior-600x406.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23158\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Posterior view of the liver<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_8\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Syntopy<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_8\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The diaphragmatic surface is related to the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The visceral surface is related to the following structures:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stomach<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Duodenum<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lesser omentum<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gallbladder<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Right colic flexure and transverse colon<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Right kidney and suprarenal gland<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The live forms recesses in relation to the kidney and the diaphragm \u2014 the hepatorenal and subphrenic recesses.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_9\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Divisions<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_9\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>anatomical division<\/strong>&nbsp;of the liver is done by peritoneal reflections and fissures, and they include the <strong>right,<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>left, quadrate<\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>caudate lobes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The live consists of two major lobes \u2014&nbsp;<strong>right<\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>left<\/strong>, with two accessory lobes (which are considered parts of the right lobe):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Caudate lobe&nbsp;<\/strong>\u2014 Posteriosuperior<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Quadrate lobe<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2014&nbsp;Anterioinferior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;<strong>functional divisions<\/strong>&nbsp;of the liver are based on the division of the portal triad, by the right sagittal fissure, and the<strong>&nbsp;Cantlie line<\/strong>&nbsp;anteriorly (gallbladder to IVC). There are 8 hepatic segments in total.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Neurovasculature<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_10\">\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"pure-table\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Blood supply<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Dual blood supply<\/strong>. The portal vein (relatively oxygen-rich) supplies 80% and the branches of the proper hepatic artery \u2014 right and left hepatic branches to supply the rest (the proper hepatic artery is a branch of the celiac trunk)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Venous drainage<\/strong><\/td><td>Hepatic veins&nbsp;into the inferior vena cava<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Innervation<\/strong><\/td><td>Hepatic plexus, from the celiac plexus<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Lymphatic drainage<\/strong><\/td><td>The hepatic lymph nodes drain to the celiac lymph nodes, which end up in the cisterna chyli<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Table 1. Neurovasculature of the liver<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Location<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Functions<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Parts and surfaces<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Diaphragmatic surface<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Visceral surface<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Porta hepatis<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ligamentum venosum<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Syntopy<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Divisions<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Neurovasculature<\/h3><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Location The liver is located mainly in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen under the protection of the rib cage (hypochondrium and epigastrium),&nbsp;deep to ribs 7-11 on the right side. It is located right under the diaphragm, therefore it moves up and down during respiration. Functions Parts and surfaces The liver is covered by [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":8467,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1648","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Liver &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/abdomen-and-pelvis\/organs-and-systems\/liver-and-biliary-system\/liver-anatomy\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/abdomen-and-pelvis\\\/organs-and-systems\\\/liver-and-biliary-system\\\/liver-anatomy\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/abdomen-and-pelvis\\\/organs-and-systems\\\/liver-and-biliary-system\\\/liver-anatomy\\\/\",\"name\":\"Liver &#8211; 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