{"id":1614,"date":"2020-08-14T11:26:34","date_gmt":"2020-08-14T11:26:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/abdomen-and-pelvis\/structures-and-regions\/perineum\/"},"modified":"2020-08-15T10:54:17","modified_gmt":"2020-08-15T10:54:17","slug":"perineum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/abdomen-and-pelvis\/structures-and-regions\/perineum\/","title":{"rendered":"Perineum"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">The perineum is a diamond-shaped region containing the genitalia and anus.<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"attachment_18200\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/perineum.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Perineum\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/perineum-600x370.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18200\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Male and female perineum<\/strong>&nbsp;(Credit: OpenStax,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"attachment_18210\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/female_perineum.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Perineum\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/female_perineum-600x343.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18210\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Female perineum<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Borders<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Superior&nbsp;<\/strong>\u2014 Pelvic floor (inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm)<\/li><li><strong>Lateral&nbsp;<\/strong>\u2014 Ischiopubic rami and ischial tuberosities<\/li><li><strong>Anterior&nbsp;<\/strong>\u2014 Pubic symphysis<\/li><li><strong>Posterior<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2014 Sacrum, coccyx and sacrotuberous ligament<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Triangles<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The perineum can be divided into two triangles by the&nbsp;<strong>superficial transverse perineal muscle<\/strong>&nbsp;which is located between the two ischial tuberosities \u2014 the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"attachment_18209\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/perineal_triangles.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Perineum\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/perineal_triangles-600x343.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18209\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Triangles of the perineum<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Urogenital triangle<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Layers<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The layers of the perineum in the urogenital triangle from the outside inwards include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Skin<\/li><li>Subcutaneous fat<\/li><li>Superficial perineal&nbsp;fascia<\/li><li>Deep perineal fascia<\/li><li>Muscles<\/li><li>Crura\/bulbs forming the erectile corpora of male and female<\/li><li>Perineal membrane<\/li><li>Deep transverse perineal muscle<\/li><li>Endopelvic fascia<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Subcutaneous fat<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The subcutaneous fat is the direct continuation of&nbsp;<strong>Camper\u2019s fascia.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Forms the mons pubis, a prominent fat pad above the external genitalia<\/li><li>In females, forms the labia majora<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Superficial perineal fascia<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The superficial perineal fascia, also known as&nbsp;<strong>Colle\u2019s fascia<\/strong>, is the direct continuation of&nbsp;<strong>Scarpa\u2019s fascia<\/strong>, the deep membraneous layer of the superficial abdominal fascia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In males, it is continuous with the dartos fascia superiority; in females, it passes superiorly to the subcutaneous fat<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Deep perineal fascia<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The deep perineal fascia invests in the suspensory ligaments of the penis and the clitoris.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_8\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Muscles<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_8\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The muscular layer of the perineum is made up of three muscles:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Bulbospongiosus muscle<ul><li>Covering the crus of the penis\/clitoris<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Ischiocavernosus muscle<ul><li>Covering the bulb of the penis\/clitoris<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Superficial transverse perineal muscle<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_9\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Perineal membrane<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_9\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The perineal membrane is a thick, triangular membrane with its apex pointing to the transverse perineal ligament (just posterior to the pubic symphysis).<br>It is pierced by the urethra in males, and additionally by the vagina in females.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"attachment_29507\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/female-perineum.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Perineum\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/female-perineum-600x415.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29507\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>A coronal section of the female perineum<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_10\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Pouches<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_10\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Subcutaneous perineal pouch<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Located between the superficial perineal fascia and the deep perineal fascia. This pouch is filled with connective tissue but it can be a potential space for filling of fluid, blood, or pus. This pouch is of least importance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Superficial perineal pouch<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Located between the deep perineal fascia and the perineal membrane. It contains:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Crura and bulbs<\/li><li>Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles<\/li><li>Superficial transverse perineal muscle<\/li><li>Branches of the pudendal vessels and nerves.<\/li><li>Urethra (males)<\/li><li>Clitoris (female)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Deep perineal pouch<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Located between the perineal membrane and the endopelvic fascia. The deep perineal pouch contains the deep transverse perineal muscle, superficial to the urethral sphincter and puborectalis muscles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The deep perineal pouch is continuous with the ischio-anal fossa posteriorly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_11\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Anal triangle<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_11\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The anal triangle is lined by fascia that is continuous with the subcutaneous fascia of the thighs and the buttocks and lacks the rest of the layers included in the urogenital triangle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The floor of the fossa is the levator ani and obturator internus fascia laterally, and the posterior border is formed by the gluteus maximus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within the anal triangle, we can find the&nbsp;<strong>ischioanal<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>ischiorectal fossa,<\/strong>&nbsp;which is full of adipose tissue (serving a function during sitting and defecation), and contains the&nbsp;<strong>pudendal canal.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"attachment_22796\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/anal_region.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Perineum\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/anal_region-600x543.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-22796\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>The ischio-anal fossa<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_12\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Pudendal canal<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_12\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also known as&nbsp;<strong>Alcock\u2019s canal<\/strong>, is located on the inferior edge of the&nbsp;<strong>obturator internus fascia<\/strong>; it can be found within the ischioanal fossa once the adipose tissue has been removed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Contents<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Pudendal nerve<\/li><li>Internal pudendal artery and vein<\/li><li>Nerve to obturator internus<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"attachment_20411\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/1280px-Pudendal_nerve.svg1_.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Perineum\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/1280px-Pudendal_nerve.svg1_-600x428.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20411\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Pudendal canal<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_13\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Arteries of the perineum<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_13\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Internal pudendal artery<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Inferior rectal artery<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Perineal artery<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Posterior scrotal (male) or labial (female) artery<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Artery of the bulb of the penis (male) or vestibule (female)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Deep artery of the penis (male) or clitoris (female)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Dorsal artery of the penis (male) or clitoris (female)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>External pudendal artery (superficial and deep branches)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Borders<\/h4><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Triangles<\/h2><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Urogenital triangle<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Layers<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Subcutaneous fat<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Superficial perineal fascia<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Deep perineal fascia<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Muscles<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Perineal membrane<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pouches<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Anal triangle<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pudendal canal<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Arteries of the perineum<\/h3><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Borders Superior&nbsp;\u2014 Pelvic floor (inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm) Lateral&nbsp;\u2014 Ischiopubic rami and ischial tuberosities Anterior&nbsp;\u2014 Pubic symphysis Posterior&nbsp;\u2014 Sacrum, coccyx and sacrotuberous ligament Triangles The perineum can be divided into two triangles by the&nbsp;superficial transverse perineal muscle&nbsp;which is located between the two ischial tuberosities \u2014 the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle. Urogenital [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1605,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1614","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Perineum &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/abdomen-and-pelvis\/structures-and-regions\/perineum\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/abdomen-and-pelvis\\\/structures-and-regions\\\/perineum\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/abdomen-and-pelvis\\\/structures-and-regions\\\/perineum\\\/\",\"name\":\"Perineum &#8211; 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