{"id":1588,"date":"2020-08-14T09:08:47","date_gmt":"2020-08-14T09:08:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/thorax\/muscles-of-the-anterior-thoracic-wall\/"},"modified":"2021-12-18T17:05:55","modified_gmt":"2021-12-18T15:05:55","slug":"muscles-of-the-thoracic-wall","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/thorax\/thoracic-wall\/muscles-of-the-thoracic-wall\/","title":{"rendered":"Muscles of the anterior thoracic wall"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">The muscles of the thoracic wall consist of 11 members. They act on the upper limb and thoracic skeleton and have protective and respiratory functions.<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"attachment_14852\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/inner_thoracic_muscles.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Muscles of the anterior thoracic wall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/inner_thoracic_muscles-600x336.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14852\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Muscles of the thoracic wall&nbsp;<\/strong>(Credit: OpenStax,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">List of muscles<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Pectoralis major<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Pectoralis minor<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Serratus anterior<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Serratus posterior superior<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Serratus posterior inferior<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>External intercostals<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Internal intercostals<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Innermost intercostals<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Transversus thoracis<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Subcostales<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Levatores costarum<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Pectoralis muscles<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pectoralis muscles (from Latin, &#8220;<em>pectus<\/em>&#8221; meaning breast) are two pairs of muscles that act primarily on the upper limb but also function as accessory muscles of respiration by elevating ribs during deep inspiration.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Pectoralis major. <\/strong>A large, triangular-shaped muscle. The most superficial of the pectoral muscles.&nbsp;<ul><li>Separated from the breast by the pectoral <a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/thorax\/thoracic-wall\/layers-and-fascia\/\">fascia<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li><li>It arises from the clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages, and converges to a tendon that inserts on the humerus.&nbsp;<\/li><li>It functions on the arm.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Pectoralis minor<\/strong>. A smaller triangular muscle just underneath the pectoralis major.<ul><li>It passes from the anterior surface of 3 ribs to the coracoid process, acting to pull the shoulder inferiorly. <\/li><li>It is enclosed in the clavipectoral fascia, through which all nerves, vessels, and lymphatics pass from the pectoral region to and from the axilla.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Serratus muscles<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The serratus muscles are a set of 3 pairs of individual muscles named on the basis of their sawtooth shape (from Latin &#8220;<em>serrare<\/em>&#8221; which means &#8220;to saw&#8221;). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-498bcf58-54cf-45e8-bcf5-74f582a6aa34\"><li><strong>Serratus anterior<\/strong>. Found on the lateral surface of the thorax, spanning from the scapula to the middle of the ribs.<ul><li>It protrudes, stabilizes, and assists the upward rotation of the scapula.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Serratus posterior superior. <\/strong>Found in the upper back, forming a &#8220;tent&#8221; between the two scapulae.<ul><li>Aids in inspiration by elevating the superior four ribs.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Serratus posterior inferior<\/strong>. Found in the lower back, forming a V-shape.<ul><li>Aids in expiration by depressing the inferior ribs.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some sources (Moore et al) suggest that the <strong>serratus posterior muscles<\/strong> function primarily in <strong>proprioception<\/strong> (sensation of movement and location) and have little to no function during respiration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-thumbnail\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-anterior.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Muscles of the anterior thoracic wall\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-anterior-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7513\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-anterior-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-anterior-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-anterior-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-anterior.png 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption> <strong>Figure 1. <\/strong>Serratus anterior muscle (lateral view). <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-thumbnail\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-posterior-superior.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Muscles of the anterior thoracic wall\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-posterior-superior-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7502\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-posterior-superior-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-posterior-superior-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-posterior-superior-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-posterior-superior.png 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 2. <\/strong>Serratus posterior superior muscle (posterior view).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-thumbnail\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-post-inf-post.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Muscles of the anterior thoracic wall\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-post-inf-post-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-post-inf-post-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-post-inf-post-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-post-inf-post-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/serratus-post-inf-post.png 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption> <strong>Figure 3. <\/strong>Serratus posterior inferior muscle (posterior view).  <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Intercostals<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These muscles occupy and fill the intercostal spaces: the <strong>external intercostals<\/strong> are the superficial layer, the <strong>internal intercostals<\/strong> are the middle layer, and the<strong> innermost intercostals<\/strong> are the deepest layer of muscle fibers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Their function is mostly to support the thoracic wall and allow the diaphragm to maintain its proper function, with the external intercostals also participating with respiration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>External intercostals:<\/strong><ul><li>11 pairs which spread from the tubercle of ribs anteriorly towards the costochondral junctions, where they are replaced by external intercostal membranes. <\/li><li>Their fibers spread around the ribcage from outside inside, medially towards the sternum.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Continuous with the external oblique muscles of the abdominal wall.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Assist in inspiration.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Internal intercostals:<\/strong><ul><li>11 pairs that run at a 90-degree angle to the external intercostals, from the inferior edge of the costal grooves to the ribs below, directed towards the vertebral column (from the sternum around and to the back), where they are replaced by internal intercostal membranes.<\/li><li>Continuous with the internal oblique muscles of the abdominal wall.<\/li><li>Assist in expiration.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Innermost intercostals:<\/strong><ul><li>These are the deeper parts of the internal intercostals, separated by intercostal nerves and vessels.<\/li><li>Run between surfaces of adjacent ribs.<\/li><li>Assist in expiration.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Transversus thoracis<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Made up of 4-5 transverse (horizontal) strands that originate in the posterior aspect of the sternum and reach towards the internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The muscle is continuous with the transversus abdominis muscle of the abdominal wall. They have an expiratory function and protect the underlying internal thoracic vessels.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Subcostales<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Varying in size and shape, these thin strands are most developed in the lower thoracic wall. They are named subcostales for their location deep to the ribcage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They run in the same direction and blend with the intercostal muscles, from the internal surface of one rib to the internal surface of the 2nd or 3rd rib inferior to it. <\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_7\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Levatores costarum<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_7\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A set of 12 fan-shaped muscle bands that <strong>elevate the ribs<\/strong> (hence the muscle&#8217;s name). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It spans between the transverse processes of the ribs and the ribs underneath.<\/li><li>It plays a role in vertebral movement and provides proprioception. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"pure-table\"><thead><tr><td>Muscle<\/td><td>Origin<\/td><td>Insertion<\/td><td>Innervation<\/td><td>Function<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Pectoralis major<\/strong><\/td><td>Clavicular head and<br>sternocostal head of<br>the&nbsp;superior 6 ribs<\/td><td>Humerus<\/td><td>Lateral and medial pectoral n. C5-C8<\/td><td>&nbsp;Movement of the shoulder&nbsp;joint<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pectoralis minor<\/strong><\/td><td>3rd- 5th rib<\/td><td>Coracoid process of the scapula.<\/td><td>Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)<\/td><td>Depresses the shoulder and scapula<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Serratus posterior superior<\/strong><\/td><td>Nuchal ligament and transverse process of C7-T3<\/td><td>Superior&nbsp;border of 2nd-4th ribs<\/td><td>2nd to 5th intercostal nerves<\/td><td>Elevates the superior four ribs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Serratus posterior inferior<\/strong><\/td><td>Spinous process of T7-T11<\/td><td>Inferior borders of 8th- 12th ribs (near angle)<\/td><td>Anterior rami to T9 and thoracic spinal nerves to T12<\/td><td>Depresses the inferior ribs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Serratus anterior<\/strong><\/td><td>1st\u20138th ribs<\/td><td>Scapula<\/td><td>Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7)<\/td><td>Protrudes, stabilizes, and assists upward rotation of the scapula<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>External intercostals<\/strong><\/td><td>Inferior border of ribs<\/td><td>Superior border of ribs below<\/td><td>Intercostal nerve<\/td><td>Elevates the ribs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Internal intercostals<\/strong><\/td><td>Inferior border of ribs<\/td><td>Superior border of ribs below<\/td><td>Intercostal nerve<\/td><td>Depresses the ribs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Innermost intercostalis<\/strong><\/td><td>Inferior border of ribs<\/td><td>Superior border of ribs below<\/td><td>Intercostal nerve<\/td><td>Depresses the ribs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Transversus thoracic<\/strong><\/td><td>Posterior surface of the lower sternum<\/td><td>Internal surface of costal cartilages 2\u20136<\/td><td>Intercostal nerve<\/td><td>Depresses the ribs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Subcostalis<\/strong><\/td><td>Internal surface of lower ribs<\/td><td>Superior borders of 2nd or 3rd ribs below<\/td><td>&nbsp;Intercostal nerve<\/td><td>Elevates the ribs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Levatores costarum<\/strong><\/td><td>Transverse processes of T7-T11<\/td><td>Between tubercle and angle of the rib<\/td><td>Posterior rami of C8-T11 nerve<\/td><td>Elevates the ribs<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><strong>Table 1. <\/strong>Summary of the anterior thoracic wall muscles.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">List of muscles<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pectoralis muscles<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Serratus muscles<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Intercostals<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Transversus thoracis<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Subcostales<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Levatores costarum<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>List of muscles Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Serratus posterior superior Serratus posterior inferior External intercostals Internal intercostals Innermost intercostals Transversus thoracis Subcostales Levatores costarum Pectoralis muscles The pectoralis muscles (from Latin, &#8220;pectus&#8221; meaning breast) are two pairs of muscles that act primarily on the upper limb but also function as accessory muscles of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1585,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1588","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Muscles of the anterior thoracic wall &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/anatomy\/thorax\/thoracic-wall\/muscles-of-the-thoracic-wall\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/thorax\\\/thoracic-wall\\\/muscles-of-the-thoracic-wall\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/anatomy\\\/thorax\\\/thoracic-wall\\\/muscles-of-the-thoracic-wall\\\/\",\"name\":\"Muscles of the anterior thoracic wall &#8211; 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