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<\/a>Introduction<\/h3>\n<\/span>\n\n\nEven though sympathetic and sensory fibers pass through the parasympathetic ganglia, they do not synapse there, but rather only “pass-through” the parasympathetic ganglia. For this reason, these ganglia are known as parasympathetic ganglia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- All of the parasympathetic <\/strong>innervation originates in the brainstem and is carried by cranial nerves before synapsing in the ganglia<\/li>
- All of the sympathetic <\/strong>innervation originates in the lateral horn of the spinal cord, reaching the superior cervical ganglion (a sympathetic ganglion), internal carotid, middle meningeal, and facial artery plexuses (sympathetic plexuses found around arteries).<\/li>
- The sensory <\/strong>fibers are all branches of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Ganglia<\/h3>\n<\/span>\n\n\nThe 4 parasympathetic ganglia are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Ciliary<\/strong><\/li>
- Pterygopalatine<\/strong><\/li>
- Otic<\/strong><\/li>
- Submandibular<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Ciliary ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- Function:<\/strong> Controls the size of the pupil by innervating the pupillary sphincter and dilator.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> Close to the apex of the orbit.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetic by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)<\/li><\/ul>
- Sympathetic by fibers from the internal carotid plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the nasociliary nerve (branch of CN V1)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Pterygopalatine ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretions of the lacrimal, salivary and other glands in the nasal and upper oral region.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> Within the pterygopalatine fossa.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetic by the greater petrosal nerve from CN VII<\/li>
- Sympathetic by the deep petrosal nerve, coming from the internal carotid plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the nasopalatine nerve (branch of CN V2)<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
- The nerve fibers \u201cjoin\u201d to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal until they reach the pterygopalatine fossa and ganglion, through the pterygoid canal.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Otic ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretion of the parotid gland.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> In the infratemporal fossa.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetically by the lesser petrosal nerve from the tympanic plexus which comes from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)<\/li>
- Sympathetic by fibers from the middle meningeal artery plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the auriculotemporal nerve (branch of CN V3)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Submandibular ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretion of the submandibular and sublingual glands.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> Lies on the surface of the hyoglossus muscle inferior to the submandibular glands and lingual nerve.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetically by the chorda tympani nerve from CN VII<\/li>
- Sympathetic by fibers from the facial artery plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the lingual nerve (branch of CN V3)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Ganglion<\/th> Function<\/th> Location<\/th> Parasympathetic innervation<\/th> Sympathetic innervation<\/th> Sensory innervation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> Ciliary<\/strong><\/td>Controls the size of the pupil<\/td> Close to the apex of the orbit<\/td> CN III<\/td> Internal carotid plexus<\/td> Nasociliary nerve (CN V1)<\/td><\/tr> Pterygopalatine<\/strong><\/td>Controls glands in the nose and the upper mouth<\/td> Pterygopalatine fossa<\/td> Greater petrosal nerve<\/td> Deep petrosal nerve<\/td> Nasopalatine nerve (CN V2)<\/td><\/tr> Otic<\/strong><\/td>Controls the parotid gland<\/td> Infratemporal fossa<\/td> Lesser petrosal nerve<\/td> Middle meningeal artery plexus<\/td> Auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)<\/td><\/tr> Submandibular<\/strong><\/td>Controls glands in the lower mouth<\/td> The surface of the hyoglossus muscle<\/td> Chorda tympani nerve<\/td> Facial artery plexus<\/td> Lingual nerve (CN V3)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>Table 1. <\/strong>Summary of the parasympathetic ganglia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/span>
Ganglia<\/h3>\n<\/span>\n\n\nThe 4 parasympathetic ganglia are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Ciliary<\/strong><\/li>
- Pterygopalatine<\/strong><\/li>
- Otic<\/strong><\/li>
- Submandibular<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Ciliary ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- Function:<\/strong> Controls the size of the pupil by innervating the pupillary sphincter and dilator.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> Close to the apex of the orbit.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetic by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)<\/li><\/ul>
- Sympathetic by fibers from the internal carotid plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the nasociliary nerve (branch of CN V1)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Pterygopalatine ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretions of the lacrimal, salivary and other glands in the nasal and upper oral region.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> Within the pterygopalatine fossa.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetic by the greater petrosal nerve from CN VII<\/li>
- Sympathetic by the deep petrosal nerve, coming from the internal carotid plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the nasopalatine nerve (branch of CN V2)<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
- The nerve fibers \u201cjoin\u201d to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal until they reach the pterygopalatine fossa and ganglion, through the pterygoid canal.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Otic ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretion of the parotid gland.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> In the infratemporal fossa.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetically by the lesser petrosal nerve from the tympanic plexus which comes from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)<\/li>
- Sympathetic by fibers from the middle meningeal artery plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the auriculotemporal nerve (branch of CN V3)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Submandibular ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretion of the submandibular and sublingual glands.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> Lies on the surface of the hyoglossus muscle inferior to the submandibular glands and lingual nerve.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetically by the chorda tympani nerve from CN VII<\/li>
- Sympathetic by fibers from the facial artery plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the lingual nerve (branch of CN V3)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Ganglion<\/th> Function<\/th> Location<\/th> Parasympathetic innervation<\/th> Sympathetic innervation<\/th> Sensory innervation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> Ciliary<\/strong><\/td>Controls the size of the pupil<\/td> Close to the apex of the orbit<\/td> CN III<\/td> Internal carotid plexus<\/td> Nasociliary nerve (CN V1)<\/td><\/tr> Pterygopalatine<\/strong><\/td>Controls glands in the nose and the upper mouth<\/td> Pterygopalatine fossa<\/td> Greater petrosal nerve<\/td> Deep petrosal nerve<\/td> Nasopalatine nerve (CN V2)<\/td><\/tr> Otic<\/strong><\/td>Controls the parotid gland<\/td> Infratemporal fossa<\/td> Lesser petrosal nerve<\/td> Middle meningeal artery plexus<\/td> Auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)<\/td><\/tr> Submandibular<\/strong><\/td>Controls glands in the lower mouth<\/td> The surface of the hyoglossus muscle<\/td> Chorda tympani nerve<\/td> Facial artery plexus<\/td> Lingual nerve (CN V3)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>Table 1. <\/strong>Summary of the parasympathetic ganglia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/span>
Ciliary ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- Function:<\/strong> Controls the size of the pupil by innervating the pupillary sphincter and dilator.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> Close to the apex of the orbit.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetic by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)<\/li><\/ul>
- Sympathetic by fibers from the internal carotid plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the nasociliary nerve (branch of CN V1)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Pterygopalatine ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretions of the lacrimal, salivary and other glands in the nasal and upper oral region.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> Within the pterygopalatine fossa.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetic by the greater petrosal nerve from CN VII<\/li>
- Sympathetic by the deep petrosal nerve, coming from the internal carotid plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the nasopalatine nerve (branch of CN V2)<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
- The nerve fibers \u201cjoin\u201d to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal until they reach the pterygopalatine fossa and ganglion, through the pterygoid canal.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Otic ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretion of the parotid gland.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> In the infratemporal fossa.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetically by the lesser petrosal nerve from the tympanic plexus which comes from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)<\/li>
- Sympathetic by fibers from the middle meningeal artery plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the auriculotemporal nerve (branch of CN V3)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Submandibular ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretion of the submandibular and sublingual glands.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> Lies on the surface of the hyoglossus muscle inferior to the submandibular glands and lingual nerve.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetically by the chorda tympani nerve from CN VII<\/li>
- Sympathetic by fibers from the facial artery plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the lingual nerve (branch of CN V3)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Ganglion<\/th> Function<\/th> Location<\/th> Parasympathetic innervation<\/th> Sympathetic innervation<\/th> Sensory innervation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> Ciliary<\/strong><\/td>Controls the size of the pupil<\/td> Close to the apex of the orbit<\/td> CN III<\/td> Internal carotid plexus<\/td> Nasociliary nerve (CN V1)<\/td><\/tr> Pterygopalatine<\/strong><\/td>Controls glands in the nose and the upper mouth<\/td> Pterygopalatine fossa<\/td> Greater petrosal nerve<\/td> Deep petrosal nerve<\/td> Nasopalatine nerve (CN V2)<\/td><\/tr> Otic<\/strong><\/td>Controls the parotid gland<\/td> Infratemporal fossa<\/td> Lesser petrosal nerve<\/td> Middle meningeal artery plexus<\/td> Auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)<\/td><\/tr> Submandibular<\/strong><\/td>Controls glands in the lower mouth<\/td> The surface of the hyoglossus muscle<\/td> Chorda tympani nerve<\/td> Facial artery plexus<\/td> Lingual nerve (CN V3)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>Table 1. <\/strong>Summary of the parasympathetic ganglia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/span>
- Parasympathetic by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)<\/li><\/ul>
- Sympathetic by fibers from the internal carotid plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the nasociliary nerve (branch of CN V1)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Pterygopalatine ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretions of the lacrimal, salivary and other glands in the nasal and upper oral region.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> Within the pterygopalatine fossa.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetic by the greater petrosal nerve from CN VII<\/li>
- Sympathetic by the deep petrosal nerve, coming from the internal carotid plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the nasopalatine nerve (branch of CN V2)<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
- The nerve fibers \u201cjoin\u201d to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal until they reach the pterygopalatine fossa and ganglion, through the pterygoid canal.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Otic ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretion of the parotid gland.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> In the infratemporal fossa.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetically by the lesser petrosal nerve from the tympanic plexus which comes from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)<\/li>
- Sympathetic by fibers from the middle meningeal artery plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the auriculotemporal nerve (branch of CN V3)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n
Submandibular ganglion<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n
- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretion of the submandibular and sublingual glands.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> Lies on the surface of the hyoglossus muscle inferior to the submandibular glands and lingual nerve.<\/li>
- Innervation:<\/strong>
- Parasympathetically by the chorda tympani nerve from CN VII<\/li>
- Sympathetic by fibers from the facial artery plexus<\/li>
- Sensory by the lingual nerve (branch of CN V3)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Ganglion<\/th> Function<\/th> Location<\/th> Parasympathetic innervation<\/th> Sympathetic innervation<\/th> Sensory innervation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> Ciliary<\/strong><\/td> Controls the size of the pupil<\/td> Close to the apex of the orbit<\/td> CN III<\/td> Internal carotid plexus<\/td> Nasociliary nerve (CN V1)<\/td><\/tr> Pterygopalatine<\/strong><\/td> Controls glands in the nose and the upper mouth<\/td> Pterygopalatine fossa<\/td> Greater petrosal nerve<\/td> Deep petrosal nerve<\/td> Nasopalatine nerve (CN V2)<\/td><\/tr> Otic<\/strong><\/td> Controls the parotid gland<\/td> Infratemporal fossa<\/td> Lesser petrosal nerve<\/td> Middle meningeal artery plexus<\/td> Auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)<\/td><\/tr> Submandibular<\/strong><\/td> Controls glands in the lower mouth<\/td> The surface of the hyoglossus muscle<\/td> Chorda tympani nerve<\/td> Facial artery plexus<\/td> Lingual nerve (CN V3)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table> Table 1. <\/strong>Summary of the parasympathetic ganglia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/span>
- Location:<\/strong> Lies on the surface of the hyoglossus muscle inferior to the submandibular glands and lingual nerve.<\/li>
- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretion of the submandibular and sublingual glands.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> In the infratemporal fossa.<\/li>
- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretion of the parotid gland.<\/li>
- Location:<\/strong> Within the pterygopalatine fossa.<\/li>
- Function:<\/strong> Controls the secretions of the lacrimal, salivary and other glands in the nasal and upper oral region.<\/li>