{"id":1501,"date":"2020-08-07T01:12:13","date_gmt":"2020-08-07T01:12:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/oncogenetics\/regulation-of-the-cell-cycle\/"},"modified":"2020-08-07T01:25:31","modified_gmt":"2020-08-07T01:25:31","slug":"regulation-of-the-cell-cycle","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/oncogenetics\/regulation-of-the-cell-cycle\/","title":{"rendered":"Regulation of the Cell Cycle"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Details and background of the cell cycle are discussed in the&nbsp; Medical Genetics I: Cell Cycle course<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Regulation of the Cell Cycle<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">For cell cycle to start, we need<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>extracellular growth signals such as mitogens and growth factors eg erythropoietin, PDGF (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor), EDGF (Endothelial Derived Growth Factor)<\/li><li>receptors for the extracellular signals<\/li><li>signalling cascades that lead to expression or activation of genes that control the cell cycle<\/div><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following molecule is involved in the regulation of various parts of the cell cycle. These points of regulation are called Cell Cycle Checkpoints<em>(More details on Cell Cycle checkpoints are discussed in Medical Genetics I: Cell Cycle course)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Cyclins (Can be cyclin D, E, A, B, etc)<\/li><li>Cyclin-dependent kinases(Cdk&#8217;s)<\/li><li>Cdk inhibitors(CdkI)<\/li><li>Ubiquitin Ligases<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Cell_cycle_and_CDK.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Regulation of the Cell Cycle\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Cell_cycle_and_CDK-600x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26996\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>The different cyclin-CDK complexes present in all stages of the cell cycle<\/strong> (Credit: Ky pharmacy1983)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Important Molecules in Cell Cycle Regulation<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are a lot of molecules involved in the positive and\/or negative regulation of the cell cycle but the most significant three will be discussed here. They are<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>MYC<\/li><li>Protein Kinase B(PKB)<\/li><li>Anaphase Promoting Complex(APC)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">MYC<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>myc is a transcription factor that increases the expression of cyclin D, increases p27 degradation and increases the expression of&nbsp; E2F. The first 2 processes help to activate G1-Cdk that phosphorylates the Retinoblastoma(Rb) protein and all three processes activate the cell&#8217;s entry into the S phase of the cell cycle.<\/li><li>myc is activated when a mitogen binds to its receptor and activates the monomeric G protein Ras<em>( details on G proteins are discussed in the Cell Biology course and are not included in the Medical Genetics Curriculum)<\/em>. The Ras activates MAP kinase that goes on to activate the myc gene thereby stimulating transcription of myc transcription factor<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Protein Kinase B(PKB)<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Protein Kinase B is a protein that prevents apoptosis by activation of Bcl-2, and inactivation of death-promoting genes such as BAD, BAX and BAK<em>(details are discussed in the in Biochemistry II course of 3rd Year and are not included in the Medical Genetics Course)<\/em><\/li><li>activated by binding of a survival factor to its receptor<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title3\">Anaphase Promoting Complex(APC)<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The APC ensures that chromosomes are properly lined up at the equator before separating.<\/li><li>When the chromosomes are properly lined up, <strong>Cdc20<\/strong> binds to the inactive APC and activates it. The activated APC stimulates the ubiquitinylation and degradation of <strong>securin<\/strong>( securin bids to separase to inactivate).<\/li><li>With the securin out of the way, the <strong>separase<\/strong> is now active and it cleaves the <strong>cohesins<\/strong> thereby separating the two sister chromatids(cohesins keep the chromatids together at the kinetochore)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If any of the molecules involved in the cell cycle are affected or if checkpoints are lost, it can lead to uncontrolled cell division and cancer.<\/p>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regulation of the Cell Cycle<\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Important Molecules in Cell Cycle Regulation<\/h2><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">MYC<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Protein Kinase B(PKB)<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Anaphase Promoting Complex(APC)<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Details and background of the cell cycle are discussed in the&nbsp; Medical Genetics I: Cell Cycle course Regulation of the Cell Cycle The following molecule is involved in the regulation of various parts of the cell cycle. These points of regulation are called Cell Cycle Checkpoints(More details on Cell Cycle checkpoints are discussed in Medical [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1451,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1501","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Regulation of the Cell Cycle &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/oncogenetics\/regulation-of-the-cell-cycle\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/oncogenetics\\\/regulation-of-the-cell-cycle\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/oncogenetics\\\/regulation-of-the-cell-cycle\\\/\",\"name\":\"Regulation of the Cell Cycle &#8211; 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