{"id":1500,"date":"2020-08-07T01:12:05","date_gmt":"2020-08-07T01:12:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/oncogenetics\/carcinogenesis\/"},"modified":"2020-08-07T01:24:58","modified_gmt":"2020-08-07T01:24:58","slug":"carcinogenesis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/oncogenetics\/carcinogenesis\/","title":{"rendered":"Carcinogenesis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Basics of Carcinogenesis<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

Carcinogenesis is the malignant transformation of cells; the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is caused by mutations at the cellular, genetic and epigenetic levels.<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

What happens in Carcinogenesis?<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

One of the main reasons why cancer is such a hard disease to treat is because different cancers have different characteristics. Lung cancer in Patient A and lung cancer in Patient will not act the same. Regardless, all cancers have some basic processes that are common in all of them and cause their malignant transformation. These processes are;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Uncontrolled cell division<\/strong><\/li>
  2. Inhibition of apoptosis<\/strong><\/li>
  3. Angiogenesis:<\/strong> this is the formation of new blood vessels from already existing ones. The cancer cells need to get their nutrients and oxygen from the blood and they use angiogenesis to get an adequate supply.<\/li>
  4. Invasion and Metastasis:<\/strong> Normal cells are connected to each other by E cadherin that keeps cells growing in one layer. Cancer cells lose this contact inhibition and this is why they can invade the local environment and grow disorderly over each other.<\/li>
  5. Failure of DNA repair systems<\/strong><\/li>
  6. Failure of the immune system:<\/strong> It is possible for the immune system to fight against cancer cells with Natural Killer cells(innate) and T lymphocytes (adaptive) immunity but cancer cells have different escape mechanisms(details are discussed in the Immunology course of 3rd Year and are not included in the curriculum of Medical Genetics)<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

    Carcinogenetic mutations<\/h2>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

    Carcinogenetic mutations are those associated with carcinogenesis. I like to classify them based on when they happened(before or after carcinogenesis) and what type of cell was affected(somatic or germline cells).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Based on when the mutations happened, we have;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Driver mutations<\/li>
    2. Passenger mutations<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      1. Driver mutations<\/strong> are mutations that happened before carcinogenesis and are the cause of the malignant transformation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      2. Passenger mutations<\/strong> are those that appeared during the course of cancer so they are as a result of the carcinogenetic process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Based on what type of cell was affected, we have;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1. Somatic\/Sporadic mutations<\/li>
      2. Germline\/Heritable mutations<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        1. Somatic\/Sporadic mutations<\/strong> are spontaneous due to errors in DNA replication and repair or can be induced by carcinogens. They cannot be passed down to their daughter cells\/offspring<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        2. Germline\/Heritable mutations<\/strong> are mutations in germ cells and can be passed down to offspring<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        It is important to note that cancer cells express clonality i.e all cancer cells come from one stem cell and that carcinogenesis is an accumulation of different mutations over a period of time and not a product of just one mutation.<\/p>\n<\/span>

        Basics of Carcinogenesis<\/h2>

        What happens in Carcinogenesis?<\/h2>

        Carcinogenetic mutations<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Basics of Carcinogenesis What happens in Carcinogenesis? One of the main reasons why cancer is such a hard disease to treat is because different cancers have different characteristics. Lung cancer in Patient A and lung cancer in Patient will not act the same. Regardless, all cancers have some basic processes that are common in all […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1451,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1500","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nCarcinogenesis – Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/oncogenetics\/carcinogenesis\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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