{"id":1451,"date":"2020-08-07T00:12:21","date_gmt":"2020-08-07T00:12:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/oncogenetics\/"},"modified":"2021-01-31T23:41:26","modified_gmt":"2021-01-31T22:41:26","slug":"oncogenetics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/oncogenetics\/","title":{"rendered":"Oncogenetics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">Oncogenetics is the branch of genetics that deals with cancer, the genes that cause it and the mode of inheritance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the world coming in just after Cardiorespiratory disorders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It is a genetic disease i.e it happens due to genetic or epigenetic changes of the DNA that cause uncontrolled cell growth and division.<\/li><li>It is caused by neoplasia<\/div><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Leading_cause_of_death_world.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Oncogenetics\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Leading_cause_of_death_world-600x579.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24345\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Leading causes of death in the world in 2016. Cancer is second just after Cardiorespiratory disorders.<\/strong> (Credit; Wikideas1, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Neoplasia<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Neoplasia literally means new growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It is an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells caused by an imbalance between cell growth and cell death.<\/li><li>A neoplasm or a tumour is the growth produced by neoplasia.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Types of Neoplasms<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are two types of neoplasms that can be differentiated based on three points:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Differentiation<\/strong> is how well the tumor resembles the original tissue<\/li><li><strong>Invasion<\/strong> is how much does the tumor invade the surrounding environment and extracellular matrix(ECM)<\/li><li><strong>Ability to metastasize<\/strong> is how well does the tumor spread to distant sites. Can be done by blood(hematogenous), by the lymph or by seeding within body cavities.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>(details of the above are discussed in detail in the 3rd Year Pathology I course and are therefore not included in the curriculum of Genetics)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Based on the three points previously stated, the two types of neoplasms are Benign and Malignant neoplasms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Benign neoplasms:<\/strong> these are well-differentiated(often resemble the original tissue), do not invade and do not metastasize e.g adenoma, lipoma, etc<\/li><li><strong>Malignant neoplasms:<\/strong> these are non-differentiated (anaplastic)and they invade and metastasize e.g sarcomas, carcinomas, leukaemia, lymphoma, etc. Malignant neoplasms are also called cancers.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Types_of_tumor_cells-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Oncogenetics\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Types_of_tumor_cells-1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24341\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Types of neoplasms: The first picture is of a benign neoplasm. Observe how the tumour doesn&#8217;t grow past the basement membrane. This means that there is no invasion and\/or metastasis. The second picture is of a malignant tumour. Observe how the tumour grows past the basement membrane(invasion) and even starts to get to the blood vessels. From there, it can metastasize.<\/strong> (Credit; Manu5, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Neoplasia<\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types of Neoplasms<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Neoplasia Neoplasia literally means new growth. It is an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells caused by an imbalance between cell growth and cell death. A neoplasm or a tumour is the growth produced by neoplasia. Types of Neoplasms There are two types of neoplasms that can be differentiated based on three points: Differentiation is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1343,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1451","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Oncogenetics &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/oncogenetics\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/oncogenetics\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/oncogenetics\\\/\",\"name\":\"Oncogenetics &#8211; 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