{"id":1448,"date":"2020-08-07T00:11:09","date_gmt":"2020-08-07T00:11:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/polymorphisms\/"},"modified":"2021-02-06T11:50:35","modified_gmt":"2021-02-06T10:50:35","slug":"polymorphisms","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/polymorphisms\/","title":{"rendered":"Polymorphisms"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">Polymorphism is the presence of more than two alleles for the same gene in the population.<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a diploid organism, one gene has 2 alleles but in the general population, it can have multiple alleles. A <strong>polymorphic gene<\/strong> is one that more than two alleles exist for it in the general population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples of traits that show polymorphism are cystic fibrosis, ABO blood type, MHC&#8217;s etc. <em>Details on Blood groups and MHC&#8217;s are discussed later in this section<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polymorphisms are as a result of variations in the DNA sequence. These variants can be on a single nucleotide(known as <strong>Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms; SNP&#8217;s<\/strong>) or a certain DNA region and can occur in both coding and non-coding regions of the DNA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some of these polymorphisms show up in the phenotype e.g Blood groups, MHC antigens and are known as <strong>Genetic polymorphisms<\/strong> while others do not show in the phenotype and are known as <strong>DNA polymorphisms<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Dna-SNP.svg_.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Polymorphisms\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Dna-SNP.svg_-1024x668.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26702\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>An example of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism where the variant DNA is in only one base pair<\/strong> (Credit: David Eccles (gringer), CC BY 4.0)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">How are polymorphisms detected?<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DNA polymorphisms, since they are not expressed in the phenotype, are only detected by diagnostic methods such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)<\/li><li>Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)<\/li><li>Southern blot<\/li><li>array Comparative Genomic Hybridization(array-CGH)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Significance of DNA polymorphisms<\/h2>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Detection of DNA polymorphisms have different uses and have been used in various parts of medicine such as<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Genetic markers<\/strong> i.e regions of known DNA used to identify a certain person or species.<\/li><li><strong>Paternity tests<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Forensic medicine<\/strong> i.e Criminal investigations<\/li><li><strong>Genealogy and family heritage<\/strong> (this is how DNA kits are used to trace a person&#8217;s roots. The polymorphisms are noted in the persons DNA and are compared with people of particular regions)<\/li><li><strong>Checking for disease-causing genes. <\/strong>This helps with early diagnosis and treatment<\/li><\/ol>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">How are polymorphisms detected?<\/h2><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Significance of DNA polymorphisms<\/h2><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In a diploid organism, one gene has 2 alleles but in the general population, it can have multiple alleles. A polymorphic gene is one that more than two alleles exist for it in the general population. Examples of traits that show polymorphism are cystic fibrosis, ABO blood type, MHC&#8217;s etc. Details on Blood groups and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1343,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1448","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Polymorphisms &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/polymorphisms\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/polymorphisms\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/polymorphisms\\\/\",\"name\":\"Polymorphisms &#8211; 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