{"id":1423,"date":"2020-08-06T23:36:19","date_gmt":"2020-08-06T23:36:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/pharmacogenetics\/xenobiotics\/"},"modified":"2021-10-02T22:38:42","modified_gmt":"2021-10-02T20:38:42","slug":"xenobiotics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/pharmacogenetics\/xenobiotics\/","title":{"rendered":"Xenobiotics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">Xenobiotics are substances that are taken into the body and are found at higher than normal levels (or found when they should not be found at all).<\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dealing with xenobiotics is a part of <strong>pharmacokinetics <\/strong>(the elimination; metabolism part) and it is done in two phases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Phase 1 reaction involves activation of the drug\/metabolite by oxidation, hydration, reduction and hydroxylation. These reactions are carried out by CYP450<\/li><li>Phase 2 reactions involve conjugation of the molecule to glucoronic acid, sulfuruc acid, glutathione or amino acids. These reactions are carried out by transferases.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two reactions do not always happen in order and neither one is a prerequisite for the other. They make the xenobiotic more water-soluble and enable them to be excreted in feces(through bile) or in the urine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sometimes, the breakdown of drugs can result in their activation and make them dangerous molecules that can cause bodily harm. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In other cases, if the patient has defective \/mutated enzymes for the drug metabolism, this can lead to adverse effects of the drugs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unfortunately, such effects are only seen after the administration of the drug, after which the patient can list the drug as one of their &#8216;drug allergies&#8217;.<\/p>\n<div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dealing with xenobiotics is a part of pharmacokinetics (the elimination; metabolism part) and it is done in two phases: Phase 1 reaction involves activation of the drug\/metabolite by oxidation, hydration, reduction and hydroxylation. These reactions are carried out by CYP450 Phase 2 reactions involve conjugation of the molecule to glucoronic acid, sulfuruc acid, glutathione or [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1411,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1423","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Xenobiotics &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/pharmacogenetics\/xenobiotics\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/pharmacogenetics\\\/xenobiotics\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/pharmacogenetics\\\/xenobiotics\\\/\",\"name\":\"Xenobiotics &#8211; 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