{"id":1416,"date":"2020-08-06T23:32:34","date_gmt":"2020-08-06T23:32:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/developmental-genetics\/"},"modified":"2021-01-31T23:52:05","modified_gmt":"2021-01-31T22:52:05","slug":"developmental-genetics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/developmental-genetics\/","title":{"rendered":"Developmental Genetics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">Dysmorphology is the study of congenital birth defects that alter the shape or form of one or more parts of the body of infants.<\/div><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are three major categories of birth defects:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Malformations<\/li><li>Deformations<\/li><li>Disruptions<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Malformations result from intrinsic (natural, internal) abnormalities in one or more genetic developmental programs. <\/li><li>Deformations are caused by extrinsic (external) factors physically acting on the fetus during development. They are common during the second trimester of development and in many cases resolve spontaneously or can be treated. <\/li><li>Disruptions result from the destruction of irreplaceable normal fetal tissue due to for example trauma, vascular insufficiency, and teratogens. There is a loss of normal tissue and they are difficult to treat.<br><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Transcription factors and Morphogenes<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Morphogens are diffusible, signalling molecules that determine a tissue\u2019s fate and growth. The gradient of a morphogene can produce specific regions in the embryo. An example of a morphogene is the Sonic hedgehog(SSH). <\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Homeobox and maternal effect genes<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The major axes in the embryo are<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Cranio-caudal (anterior-posterior)<\/li><li>Dorsal-ventral<\/li><li>Left-right<br><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Homeobox genes are genes that govern the developmental process of the different axes. The homeotic genes code for the homeodomain, a DNA-binding domain. Mutations in these genes result in the transformation of one segment of the body into another segment.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The early stages of pattern formation are determined by segmentation genes and there are four classes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Pair rule<\/li><li>Gap<\/li><li>Segment polarity<\/li><li>Coordinate <\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These genes are considered Maternal Effect Genes \u2013 these genes are being received from the mother in the form of mRNA but not activated until fertilization occurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Segmentation genes determine the early stages of the formation while the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axis are determined by the coordinate genes.<\/p>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Transcription factors and Morphogenes<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Homeobox and maternal effect genes<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are three major categories of birth defects: Malformations Deformations Disruptions Malformations result from intrinsic (natural, internal) abnormalities in one or more genetic developmental programs. Deformations are caused by extrinsic (external) factors physically acting on the fetus during development. They are common during the second trimester of development and in many cases resolve spontaneously or [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1343,"menu_order":10,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1416","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Developmental Genetics &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/developmental-genetics\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/developmental-genetics\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/developmental-genetics\\\/\",\"name\":\"Developmental Genetics &#8211; 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