{"id":1386,"date":"2020-08-06T23:02:56","date_gmt":"2020-08-06T23:02:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/epigenetics\/histone-modification\/"},"modified":"2021-01-31T22:41:24","modified_gmt":"2021-01-31T21:41:24","slug":"histone-modification","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/epigenetics\/histone-modification\/","title":{"rendered":"Histone Modification"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">The negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histones. This helps to strengthen the interaction of the DNA and histones as unlike charges attract. In this form, the major groove of the DNA(used for binding to transcription factors) is blocked by the histones, and therefore gene expression is not possible.<\/div> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Histones have to be removed for gene expression to take place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Change in chromatin structure due to binding and loosening of DNA from the histones is known as <strong>chromatin remodeling.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The chemical modification of histones is based on the <strong>histone code<\/strong>; a hypothesis that the transcription of genetic information encoded in DNA is in part regulated by chemical modification to histone proteins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Histone modifications involve the covalent interactions between certain molecules and the histones. These modifications can either activate or repress gene expression\/transcription. Some of these modifications recruit proteins that are attracted to the modified part of the histones.<\/p>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Types of histone modifications<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are four methods of histone modifications<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Acetylation: <\/strong>Done by Histone Acetyl Transferases (HAT). The negative acetyl groups will bind to and neutralize the positively charged histones. This causes the histones to bind to the acetyl group instead and disassociate from the DNA. This opens up the major grooves of the DNA and promotes DNA transcription. The acetyl groups can be removed by histone deacetylases.<\/li><li><strong>Methylation:<\/strong> Lysine residues on histones are methylated and the effect can be activating or repressive depending on the number of methyl groups present.<\/li><li><strong>Phosphorylation:&nbsp;<\/strong>Acetylation and demethylation of DNA are activated therefore the overall effect of phosphorylation is to activate transcription.<\/li><li><strong>Ubiquitinylation: U<\/strong>biquitin molecules are covalently attached to histones. They are involved in both activation and repression and the specific effect depends on the part of the histone that is ubiquitinylated.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/histone-modification.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Histone Modification\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/histone-modification-600x269.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24601\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Types of histone modification<\/strong> (Credit: Luong, P. Basic Principles of Genetics, CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types of histone modifications<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Histones have to be removed for gene expression to take place. Change in chromatin structure due to binding and loosening of DNA from the histones is known as chromatin remodeling. The chemical modification of histones is based on the histone code; a hypothesis that the transcription of genetic information encoded in DNA is in part [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1353,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1386","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Histone Modification &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/epigenetics\/histone-modification\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/epigenetics\\\/histone-modification\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/epigenetics\\\/histone-modification\\\/\",\"name\":\"Histone Modification &#8211; 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