{"id":1379,"date":"2020-08-06T22:55:01","date_gmt":"2020-08-06T22:55:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/translation\/"},"modified":"2021-10-20T06:51:14","modified_gmt":"2021-10-20T04:51:14","slug":"translation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/translation\/","title":{"rendered":"Translation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Translation is the second step of gene expression following transcription in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) synthesize proteins. <\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Steps of RNA translation<\/strong> (Credit: Kelvinsong, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA determines the amino acid sequence of the protein that would be made. The region of the mRNA that can transcribe for a functional protein is known as the Open Reading Frame<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mRNA is made up of codons<\/strong> which are sets of 3 nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid. There are 64 codons and altogether, this is code the genetic code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is a start<\/strong> codon (AUG), 3 stop<\/strong> codons (UAG, UAA, and UGA), while the rest code for amino acids. An amino acid can have more than one codon but one codon cannot code for more than one amino acid. This means that the genetic code is described as degenerate<\/strong>, or redundant, because a single amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Before transcription begins, the tRNA has to be charged with the respective amino acid. Using a codon-anticodon system that works with the complementary base pairing, the tRNA recognizes the sequence on the mRNA and with the help of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, it helps to bind to the amino acid and add it to the growing amino acid chain during translation. There are 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, one for each amino acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stages of Translation<\/h3>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

Translation consists of 3 stages:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Initiation<\/li>
  2. Elongation<\/li>
  3. Termination<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

    Initiation<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n