{"id":1378,"date":"2020-08-06T22:54:50","date_gmt":"2020-08-06T22:54:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/transcription\/"},"modified":"2021-01-31T22:26:44","modified_gmt":"2021-01-31T21:26:44","slug":"transcription","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/transcription\/","title":{"rendered":"Transcription"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"intro\">To transcribe something means to make a written copy of it. In biology, transcription is the first step of gene expression in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into mRNA based on complementary base pairing.<\/div> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The template DNA strand is the one that is copied onto the RNA while the coding strand is the one that has the same sequence as the RNA. Transcription takes place in the nucleus.<\/p>\n\n\n<span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_1\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">Stages of Transcription<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_1\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transcription consists of 3 stages:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Initiation<\/li><li>Elongation<\/li><li>Termination<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1743px-MRNA.svg1_.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Transcription\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1743px-MRNA.svg1_-592x600.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24590\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Steps of transcription<\/strong> (Credit: Kelvinsong, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_2\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Initiation<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_2\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>TATA-box binding protein (TBP) binds to the TATA box (located in the promoter region. The promoter is the start site of transcription)<\/li><li>General transcription factors are recruited to the promoter<\/li><li>RNA polymerase binds to the transcription factors and TBP to form the pre-initiation complex<\/li><li>RNA polymerase is phosphorylated at the C terminal and transcription begins.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_3\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Elongation<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_3\">\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>After initiation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template adding nucleotides to the growing chain of RNA.<\/li><li>Nucleotides are added to the 3 prime ends of the chain.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_4\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Termination<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_4\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RNA polymerase reaches a transcription termination sequence in the DNA and the newly synthesized RNA is released.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_5\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title1\">mRNA modifications<\/h3>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_5\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are modifications to the mRNA after transcription. They are done in the nucleus and help to prepare the mRNA for transport to the cytoplasm, for signalling to the ribosome and to protect it from cytoplasmic RNases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Splicing:<\/strong> The removal of the introns by a spliceosome<\/li><li><strong>5&#8242; cap:&nbsp;<\/strong>A methyl-guanosine group is added to the 5&#8242;&nbsp;end of the mRNA<\/li><li><strong>3&#8242; tail: <\/strong>A poly-adenosine tail is added to the 3&#8242; end of the mRNA<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/800px-RNA_splicing_diagram_en.svg_.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Transcription\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/800px-RNA_splicing_diagram_en.svg_-554x600.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23323\"\/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Steps of splicing<\/strong> (Credit: LadyofHats, CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<\/span><span class=\"block-heading\" id=\"header_6\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"title_collection title2\">Regulation of Transcription<\/h4>\n<\/span><span class=\"block-content\" id=\"contents_6\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regulation is done mainly by binding of an enhancer or repressor molecule to an activator or silencer region respectively of the DNA.<\/p>\n<\/span><div id=\"the_titles\" style=\"display:none;\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stages of Transcription<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Initiation<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Elongation<\/h4><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Termination<\/h4><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">mRNA modifications<\/h3><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regulation of Transcription<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The template DNA strand is the one that is copied onto the RNA while the coding strand is the one that has the same sequence as the RNA. Transcription takes place in the nucleus. Stages of Transcription Transcription consists of 3 stages: Initiation Elongation Termination Initiation TATA-box binding protein (TBP) binds to the TATA box [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1352,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1378","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Transcription &#8211; Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/transcription\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/central-dogma\\\/transcription\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/central-dogma\\\/transcription\\\/\",\"name\":\"Transcription &#8211; Meddists\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/central-dogma\\\/transcription\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/central-dogma\\\/transcription\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/02\\\/1743px-MRNA.svg1_-592x600.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-08-06T22:54:50+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-01-31T21:26:44+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/central-dogma\\\/transcription\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/central-dogma\\\/transcription\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/central-dogma\\\/transcription\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/02\\\/1743px-MRNA.svg1_-592x600.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/02\\\/1743px-MRNA.svg1_-592x600.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/central-dogma\\\/transcription\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"http:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Pre-clinical\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Medical Genetics\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Central Dogma\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/pre-clinical\\\/medical-genetics\\\/central-dogma\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"Transcription\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/\",\"name\":\"Meddists\",\"description\":\"Let&#039;s Get Studying\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/meddists.com\\\/learn\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Transcription &#8211; Meddists","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/transcription\/","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/transcription\/","url":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/transcription\/","name":"Transcription &#8211; Meddists","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/transcription\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/transcription\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1743px-MRNA.svg1_-592x600.png","datePublished":"2020-08-06T22:54:50+00:00","dateModified":"2021-01-31T21:26:44+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/transcription\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/transcription\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/transcription\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1743px-MRNA.svg1_-592x600.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1743px-MRNA.svg1_-592x600.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/transcription\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"http:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Pre-clinical","item":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Medical Genetics","item":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Central Dogma","item":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/pre-clinical\/medical-genetics\/central-dogma\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"Transcription"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/#website","url":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/","name":"Meddists","description":"Let&#039;s Get Studying","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1378","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1378"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1378\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4171,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1378\/revisions\/4171"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1352"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1378"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}