{"id":10291,"date":"2022-01-28T11:26:49","date_gmt":"2022-01-28T09:26:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/infectology\/leptospirosis-brucellosis-cholera\/"},"modified":"2022-02-04T12:52:44","modified_gmt":"2022-02-04T10:52:44","slug":"leptospirosis-brucellosis-cholera","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/infectology\/leptospirosis-brucellosis-cholera\/","title":{"rendered":"Leptospirosis, brucellosis, cholera"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Leptospirosis<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the spirochete species Leptospira<\/em>. It is the most common zoonotic infection in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • Leptospira typically infects rats, cats, dogs, and livestock animals. The microbe reaches water sources and soil through the urine of infected animals.<\/li>
  • Human infection is typically through swimming in infected waters (penetration of mucousal membranes) or ingestion of contaminated food.<\/li>
  • Presents <\/strong>with an initial phase of septicemia characterized by fever, chills, malaise, conjunctivitis.
    • Often followed by a second phase known as the immune phase<\/strong> occuring within a week of the illness in which antibodies begin to appear, presenting with aseptic meningitis, pulmonary hemorrhage, iridocyclitis, optic neuritis, and peripheral neuropathy.<\/li>
    • A severe presentation of leptospirosis is known as Weil syndrome<\/strong>. It is characterized by multi-organ dysfunction resulting in jaundice, uremia, anemia, severe hemorrhages, and altered mental status.<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
    • Diagnosed <\/strong>using serology (IgM antibodies against leptospirosis antigens) or PCR.<\/li>
    • Treated <\/strong>using penicillin G.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

      Brucellosis<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

      Brucellosis (undulant fever) is a zoonotic disease caused by the Brucella <\/em>species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      • Brucella typically infects livestock animals.
        • Brucella melintnesis<\/em> infects goats and sheep (more severe)<\/li>
        • Brucella abortus<\/em> infects cattle<\/li>
        • Brucella suis<\/em> infects pigs<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
        • Human infection is typically through consumption of contaminated unpasturized milk and its products, or skin contact with infected animals.<\/li>
        • The microbe infects the reticuloendothelial system, surviving within macrophages, forming granulomas.<\/li>
        • Presents <\/strong>within 2 weeks with undulant fever (rising-and-falling), malaise, lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. May cause osteomyelitis, and rarely, bacterial endocarditis, and neurobrocellosis.<\/li>
        • Diagnosed<\/strong> using cultures (blood, bone-marrow, CSF).<\/li>
        • Treated<\/strong> using doxycycline plus gentamycin or rifampin.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<\/span>\n

          Cholera<\/h4>\n<\/span>\n\n\n

          Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the Vibrio cholerae<\/em> bacteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          • The microbe normally resides in shellfish.<\/li>
          • Human infection is through the ingestion of contaminated seafood, or fecal-oral from contaminated water sources.<\/li>
          • Presents<\/strong> with non-painful high-volume watery diarrhea (“rice-water stool”), leading to severe dehydration.<\/li>
          • Diagnosed<\/strong> using stool culture and serology (presence of antibodies).<\/li>
          • Treated<\/strong> using supportive care (IV fluid and electrolyte replacement).
            • Resolves by its own within 2 weeks.<\/li>
            • Antibiotics (doxycycline) are usually not required, but will reduce the duration of the disease.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/span>

              Leptospirosis<\/h4>

              Brucellosis<\/h4>

              Cholera<\/h4><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Leptospirosis Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the spirochete species Leptospira. It is the most common zoonotic infection in the world. Leptospira typically infects rats, cats, dogs, and livestock animals. The microbe reaches water sources and soil through the urine of infected animals. Human infection is typically through swimming in infected waters (penetration of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":10247,"menu_order":10,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10291","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nLeptospirosis, brucellosis, cholera – Meddists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meddists.com\/learn\/clinical\/internal-medicine\/infectology\/leptospirosis-brucellosis-cholera\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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